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30 results for “morning glory”
Data from: Gene flow, divergent selection and resistance to introgression in two species of morning glories (Ipomoea)
Gene flow is thought to impede genetic divergence and speciation by homogenizing genomes. Recent theory and research suggests that strong enough divergent selection can overpower gene flow, leading to islands of divergence. However, there are alternative explanations for these patterns. Independent evidence that islands of divergence are due to divergent selection would allow these explanations to be distinguished, but such evidence is scarce. Here we present multiple lines of evidence that islands of divergence in a pair of sister morning glory species, Ipomoea cordatotriloba and I. lacunosa, are the outcome of divergent selection in the face of gene flow. We analyzed a SNP dataset across the genome to assess the amount of gene flow, resistance to introgression, and patterns of selection on genes resistant to introgression. We show that differentiation between the two species is much lower in sympatry than in allopatry, consistent with gene flow between the species in sympatry. In addition, highly differentiated SNPs were subject to divergent selection. Finally, despite gene flow in sympatry, SNPs that are highly differentiated in allopatry are resistant to homogenization in sympatry. Our investigation reveals the complex interplay between selection and gene flow that can occur during the early stages of speciation.
Data for: Complex cross incompatibility in morning glories is consistent with a role for mating system in plant speciation
<p><span>Reproductive isolation between selfing and outcrossing species can arise through diverse mechanisms, some of which are directly associated with differences in mating system. We dissected cross incompatibility between the highly selfing morning glory <em>Ipomoea</em> <em>lacunosa</em> and its mixed-mating sister species <em>I. cordatotriloba</em>. We found that cross incompatibility is complex, with contributions acting both before and after fertilization. We then investigated whether the transition in mating system may have facilitated the evolution of these reproductive barrier components through mismatched floral morphology, differences in reproductive context, or both. We found evidence that morphological mismatch likely contributes to reproductive isolation in at least one cross direction and that other pollen-pistil interactions are present. We also identified hybrid seed inviability consistent with the predictions of the weak-inbreeder, strong-outbreeder hypotheses, suggesting endosperm misregulation plays an important role in cross incompatibility. In contrast, we did not find evidence consistent with the pre-zygotic weak-inbreeder, strong-outbreeder hypothesis. Our study highlights the complexity of reproductive isolation between outcrossing and selfing species and the extent to which evolutionary consequences of mating system transitions can facilitate speciation.</span></p>
Data from: Shifts in outcrossing rates and changes to floral traits are associated with the evolution of herbicide resistance in the common morning glory
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Data from: Complex cross incompatibility in morning glories is consistent with a role for mating system in plant speciation
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Data from: Gene flow, divergent selection and resistance to introgression in two species of morning glories (Ipomoea)
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Data from: A new species of Periglandula symbiotic with the morning glory Ipomoea tricolor
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Morning glory species co-occurrence is associated with asymmetrically decreased and cascading reproductive isolation
<p class="Normal1">Hybridization between species can affect the strength of the reproductive barriers that separate those species. Two extensions of this effect are: (1) the expectation that asymmetric hybridization or gene flow will have asymmetric effects on reproductive barrier strength and (2) the expectation that local hybridization will affect only local reproductive barrier strength and could therefore alter within-species compatibility. We tested these hypotheses in a pair of morning glory species that exhibit asymmetric gene flow from highly selfing <i>Ipomoea lacunosa </i>into mixed-mating <i>I. cordatotriloba </i>in regions where they co-occur. Because of the direction of this gene flow, we predicted that reproductive barrier strength would be more strongly affected in <i>I. cordatotriloba </i>than <i>I. lacunosa</i>.<i> </i>We also predicted that changes to reproductive barriers in sympatric <i>I. cordatotriloba </i>populations would affect compatibility with allopatric populations of that species. <i> </i>We tested these predictions by measuring the strength of a reproductive barrier to seed set across the species' ranges. Consistent with our first prediction, we found that sympatric and allopatric <i>I. lacunosa</i> produce the same number of seeds in crosses with <i>I. cordatotriloba, </i>whereas crosses between sympatric <i>I. cordatotriloba</i> and <i>I. lacunosa</i> are more successful than crosses between allopatric <i>I. cordatotriloba and I. lacunosa.</i> This difference in compatibility appears to reflect an asymmetric decrease in the strength of the barrier to seed set in sympatric <i>I. cordatotriloba, </i>which could be caused by <i>I. lacunosa</i> alleles that have introgressed into <i>I. cordatotriloba</i>. We further demonstrated that changes to sympatric <i>I. cordatotriloba </i>have decreased its ability to produce seeds with allopatric populations of the same species, in line with our second prediction. Thus, in a manner analogous to cascade reinforcement, we suggest that introgression associated with hybridization not only influences between-species isolation but can also contribute to isolation within a species<i>. </i></p>
Data from: Natural and anthropogenic influences on the mating system of the common morning glory
Evolutionary biologists remain puzzled by the often dramatic variation of mating strategies within single species. Of particular interest is the extent to which environmental conditions shape patterns of variation of mating system components within mixed mating species, and how widespread anthropogenic manipulations may influence these associations. Here, we address this question in the common morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea) by combining a dataset of floral traits, estimates of the mating system, and relevant environmental factors compiled for 22 populations of this species distributed along a wide range of environments from the Southeast and midwest USA. We identify a disparate set of environmental factors to influence population-level variation in selfing, inbreeding, and flower morphology. While floral traits are primarily associated with climatic variation, the outcrossing rate and inbreeding coefficient are primarily influenced by the level of herbicide resistance. Furthermore, we find that populations with higher levels of herbicide resistance exhibit a stronger correlation between mating system floral traits and mating system estimates (outcrossing rate and inbreeding coefficient). Altogether these results demonstrate the dominant role that herbicide application plays in the determination of I. purpurea's mating system, and more generally uncover the complex and unforeseen evolutionary consequences of anthropogenic manipulations in natural systems.
Data from: Ipomoea gilana: a new and endemic morning glory (Ipomoeeae, Convolvulaceae) in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico
An endemic morning glory of southwestern New Mexico, Ipomoea gilana , known only from the Black Range of the Gila National Forest, is described and distinguished from a close phylogenetic associate, Ipomoea orizabensis (Ipomoea series Tyrianthinae), from mid-elevation mountains (800–2,000 m) of Mexico and Central America. The new species resembles I. lindheimeri (Ipomoea section Pharbitis) superficially, but molecular studies indicate closer relationships with I. orizabensis. Ipomoea gilana has slightly succulent leaf blades, nocturnal anthesis, light blue corollas, slightly exserted, subequal stamens with filaments inserted 2 cm above the base of the corolla tube and three-locular capsules. Ipomoea orizabensis s. l. has membranous leaf blades, diurnal anthesis, ruddy magenta corollas with unequal, included stamens inserted less than 1 cm from the base of the corolla tube and two-locular capsules. The new species is illustrated and a table of differences between the three species is provided.
Morning glory species co-occurrence is associated with asymmetrically decreased and cascading reproductive isolation
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Data from: Ipomoea gilana: a new and endemic morning glory (Ipomoeeae, Convolvulaceae) in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico
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Data from: Multiple aspects of the selfing syndrome of the morning glory Ipomoea lacunosa evolved in response to selection: a Qst-Fst comparison
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Data from: Natural and anthropogenic influences on the mating system of the common morning glory
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Data from: Fitness costs of herbicide resistance across natural populations of the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea
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Data from: Quantitative genetic variance and multivariate clines in the Ivyleaf morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea
Clinal variation is commonly interpreted as evidence of adaptive differentiation, although clines can also be produced by stochastic forces. Understanding whether clines are adaptive therefore requires comparing clinal variation to background patterns of genetic differentiation at presumably neutral markers. Although this approach has frequently been applied to single traits at a time, we have comparatively fewer examples of how multiple correlated traits vary clinally. Here, we characterize multivariate clines in the Ivyleaf morning glory, examining how suites of traits vary with latitude, with the goal of testing for divergence in trait means that would indicate past evolutionary responses. We couple this with analysis of genetic variance in clinally varying traits in 20 populations to test whether past evolutionary responses have depleted genetic variance, or whether genetic variance declines approaching the range margin. We find evidence of clinal differentiation in five quantitative traits, with little evidence of isolation by distance at neutral loci that would suggest non-adaptive or stochastic mechanisms. Within and across populations, the traits that contribute most to population differentiation and clinal trends in the multivariate phenotype are genetically variable as well, suggesting that a lack of genetic variance will not cause absolute evolutionary constraints. Our data are broadly consistent theoretical predictions of polygenic clines in response to shallow environmental gradients. Ecologically, our results are consistent with past findings of natural selection on flowering phenology, presumably due to season-length variation across the range.
Data from: The geographic mosaic of herbicide resistance evolution in the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea: evidence for resistance hotspots and low genetic differentiation across the landscape
Strong human-mediated selection via herbicide application in agroecosystems has repeatedly led to the evolution of resistance in weedy plants. Although resistance can occur among separate populations of a species across the landscape, the spatial scale of resistance in many weeds is often left unexamined. We assessed the potential that resistance to the herbicide glyphosate in the agricultural weed Ipomoea purpurea has evolved independently multiple times across its North American range. We examined both adaptive and neutral genetic variations in 44 populations of I. purpurea by pairing a replicated dose–response greenhouse experiment with SSR genotyping of experimental individuals. We uncovered a mosaic pattern of resistance across the landscape, with some populations exhibiting high-survival postherbicide and other populations showing high death. SSR genotyping revealed little evidence of isolation by distance and very little neutral genetic structure associated with geography. An approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) analysis uncovered evidence for migration and admixture among populations before the widespread use of glyphosate rather than the very recent contemporary gene flow. The pattern of adaptive and neutral genetic variations indicates that resistance in this mixed-mating weed species appears to have evolved in independent hotspots rather than through transmission of resistance alleles across the landscape.
Data from: The costs and benefits of tolerance to competition in Ipomoea purpurea, the common morning glory
Tolerance to competition has been hypothesized to reduce the negative impact of plant-plant competition on fitness. Although competitive interactions are a strong selective force, an analysis of net selection on tolerance to competition is absent in the literature. Using fifty-five full/half-sibling families from 18 maternal lines in the crop weed Ipomoea purpurea we measured fitness and putative tolerance traits when grown with and without competition in an agricultural field. We tested for the presence of genetic variation for tolerance to competition and determined if there were costs and benefits of this trait. We also assessed correlations between tolerance and potential tolerance traits. We uncovered a fitness benefit of tolerance in the presence of competition and a cost in its absence. We failed to detect evidence of additive genetic variation underlying tolerance, but did uncover the presence of a significant maternal line effect for tolerance, which suggests its evolutionary trajectory is not easily predicted. The cost of tolerance is likely due to later initiation of flowering of tolerant individuals in the absence of competition, whereas relative growth rate was found to positively covary with tolerance in the presence of competition, and can thus be considered a tolerance trait.
Figure 8 from: Provance M, Sanders A (2013) Lucky morning glory, Calystegia felix (Convolvulaceae): a new species from Southern California, with notes on the historical ecology of the Chino ciénega belt. PhytoKeys 32: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.32.6020
Figure 8 - Calystegia felix climbing upward through urban landscaping in the City of Chino (Photo M. C. Provance, 2013).
Figure 6 from: Provance M, Sanders A (2013) Lucky morning glory, Calystegia felix (Convolvulaceae): a new species from Southern California, with notes on the historical ecology of the Chino ciénega belt. PhytoKeys 32: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.32.6020
Figure 6 - The leaves shown here from R.F. Bingham s.n. (UC335392) are consistent with many specimens of Calystegia sepium.
Figure 2 from: Provance M, Sanders A (2013) Lucky morning glory, Calystegia felix (Convolvulaceae): a new species from Southern California, with notes on the historical ecology of the Chino ciénega belt. PhytoKeys 32: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.32.6020
Figure 2 - Calystegia felix stolons and creeping rootstock. The narrow emergent leaves of this specimen may be atypical; the relatively long petioles are normal (Photo M. C. Provance, 2012).
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