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Data from: The sequential direct and indirect effects of mountain uplift, climatic niche and floral trait evolution on diversification dynamics in an Andean plant clade
<p><span>Why and how organismal lineages radiate is commonly studied through either assessing abiotic factors (biogeography, geomorphological processes, climate) or biotic factors (traits, interactions). Despite increasing awareness that both abiotic and biotic processes may have important joint effects on diversification dynamics, few attempts have been made to quantify the relative importance and timing of these factors, and their potentially interlinked direct and indirect effects, on lineage diversification.</span></p> <p><span>We here combine assessments of historical biogeography, geomorphology, climatic niche, vegetative and floral trait evolution to test whether these factors jointly, or in isolation, explain diversification dynamics of a Neotropical plant clade (Merianieae, Melastomataceae). After estimating ancestral areas and disparification over time in climate and trait space, we employ Phylogenetic Path Analyses as a synthesis tool to test eleven hypotheses on the individual direct and indirect effects of these factors on diversification rates.</span></p> <p><span>We find strongest support for interlinked effects of colonization of the uplifting Andes during the mid-Miocene and rapid abiotic climatic niche evolution in explaining a burst in diversification rate in Merianieae. Within Andean habitats, later disparification in floral trait space allowed for the exploitation of wider pollination niches (i.e., shifts from bee to vertebrate pollinators), but did not affect diversification rates. Our approach of including both vegetative and floral trait evolution, rare in assessments of plant diversification in general, highlights important pre-adaptations to mountain colonization, specifically woody habit and larger flowers. Overall, and in concert with the idea that ecological opportunity is a key element of evolutionary radiations, our results suggest that a combination of rapid niche evolution and pre-adapted traits were critical for the exploitation of newly available niche space in the Andes in the mid-Miocene. Further, our results emphasize the importance of incorporating both abiotic and biotic factors into the same analytical framework if we aim to quantify the relative and interlinked effects of these processes on diversification.</span></p>
Data from: The sequential direct and indirect effects of mountain uplift, climatic niche and floral trait evolution on diversification dynamics in an Andean plant clade
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Data Supporting Uplift Mechanism of the Highest Mountains at Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis Revealed by in Situ Dense Gravimetry
<p>The data of the gravity observation network at the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, which include Longitude, Latitude, Elevation, Free-Air gravity anomaly (FGA), Bouguer gravity anomaly (BGA), and Moho depth. These data are shown in Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3.</p>
Figure 24 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 24. Gammarus pisinnus sp. nov., holotype, male. A, pereopod 3; B, pereopod 4; C, pereopod 5; D, pereopod 6; E, pereopod 7; F, dactylus of pereopod 3; G, dactylus of pereopod 4; H, dactylus of pereopod 5; I, dactylus of pereopod 6; J, dactylus of pereopod 7.
Figure 20 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 20. Gammarus monticellus sp. nov., female. A, gnathopod 1; B, gnathopod 2; C, propodus of gnathopod 1; D, propodus of gnathopod 2.
Figure 17 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 17. Gammarus monticellus sp. nov., holotype, male. A, gnathopod 1; B, gnathopod 2; C, propodus of gnathopod 1; D, propodus of gnathopod 2.
Figure 14 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 14. Gammarus benignus sp. nov., female. A, gnathopod 1; B, gnathopod 2; C, propodus of gnathopod 1; D, propodus of gnathopod 2.
Figure 13 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 13. Gammarus benignus sp. nov., male, A–K; female, L–N. A, epimeral plate 1; B, epimeral plate 2; C, epimeral plate 3; D, urosomites (dorsal view); E, pleopod 1; F, pleopod 2; G, pleopod 3; H, uropod 1; I, uropod 2; J, uropod 3; K, telson; L, uropod 1; M, uropod 2; N, uropod 3.
Figure 11 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 11. Gammarus benignus sp. nov., holotype, male. A, gnathopod 1; B, gnathopod 2; C, propodus of gnathopod 1; D, propodus of gnathopod 2.
Figure 19 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 19. Gammarus monticellus sp. nov., male, A–K; female, L–N. A, epimeral plate 1; B, epimeral plate 2; C, epimeral plate 3; D, urosomites (dorsal view); E, pleopod 1; F, pleopod 2; G, pleopod 3; H, uropod 1; I, uropod 2; J, uropod 3; K, telson; L, uropod 1; M, uropod 2; N, uropod 3.
Figure 16 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 16. Gammarus monticellus sp. nov., holotype, male. A, head; B, antenna 1; C, aesthetascs of antenna 1; D, antenna 2; E, calceoli of antenna 2; F, upper lip; G, lower lip; H, left mandible; I, incisor of right mandible; J, maxilla 1; K, palp of right maxilla 1; L, maxilla 2; M, maxilliped.
Figure 8 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 8. Gammarus incoercitus sp. nov., female. A, gnathopod 1; B, gnathopod 2; C, propodus of gnathopod 1; D, propodus of gnathopod 2.
Figure 3. Maximum clade credibility chronogram inferred from a in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 3. Maximum clade credibility chronogram inferred from a relaxed clock model based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I data set. The type specimens for nominal species are underlined. Node bars represent 95% posterior credibility intervals for nodes of interest. 1, Gammarus incoercitus sp. nov.; 2, Gammarus benignus sp. nov.; 3, Gammarus shanxiensis; 4, Gammarus monticellus sp. nov.; 5, Gammarus pisinnus sp. nov.; 6, Gammarus clarus; 7, Gammarus nekkensis.
Figure 2 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 2. Bayesian tree inferred from the concatenated data set analysis. Names of terminal taxa include voucher numbers for ingroups. The type specimens for nominal species are underlined. Numbers above branches are posterior probabilities; numbers below branches are maximum likelihood bootstrap values. 1, Gammarus incoercitus sp. nov.; 2, Gammarus benignus sp. nov.; 3, Gammarus shanxiensis; 4, Gammarus monticellus sp. nov.; 5, Gammarus pisinnus sp. nov.; 6, Gammarus clarus; 7, Gammarus nekkensis.
Figure 15 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 15. Gammarus benignus sp. nov., female. A, pereopod 3; B, pereopod 4; C, pereopod 5; D, pereopod 6; E, pereopod 7; F, telson; G, oostegite of gnathopod 2; H, oostegite of pereopod 3; I, oostegite of pereopod 4; J, oostegite of pereopod 5.
Figure 7 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 7. Gammarus incoercitus sp. nov., male, A–K; female, L–N. A, epimeral plate 1; B, epimeral plate 2; C, epimeral plate 3; D, urosomites (dorsal view); E, pleopod 1; F, pleopod 2; G, pleopod 3; H, uropod 1; I, uropod 2; J, uropod 3; K, telson; L, uropod 1; M, uropod 2; N, uropod 3.
Figure 6 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 6. Gammarus incoercitus sp. nov., holotype, male. A, pereopod 3; B, pereopod 4; C, pereopod 5; D, pereopod 6; E, pereopod 7; F, dactylus of pereopod 3; G, dactylus of pereopod 4; H, dactylus of pereopod 5; I, dactylus of pereopod 6; J, dactylus of pereopod 7.
Figure 27 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 27. Gammarus pisinnus sp. nov., female. A, pereopod 3; B, pereopod 4; C, pereopod 5; D, pereopod 6; E, pereopod 7; F, telson; G, oostegite of gnathopod 2; H, oostegite of pereopod 3; I, oostegite of pereopod 4; J, oostegite of pereopod 5.
Figure 18 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 18. Gammarus monticellus sp. nov., holotype, male. A, pereopod 3; B, pereopod 4; C, pereopod 5; D, pereopod 6; E, pereopod 7; F, dactylus of pereopod 3; G, dactylus of pereopod 4; H, dactylus of pereopod 5; I, dactylus of pereopod 6; J, dactylus of pereopod 7.
Figure 21 in Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species
Figure 21. Gammarus monticellus sp. nov., female. A, pereopod 3; B, pereopod 4; C, pereopod 5; D, pereopod 6; E, pereopod 7; F, telson; G, oostegite of gnathopod 2; H, oostegite of pereopod 3; I, oostegite of pereopod 4; J, oostegite of pereopod 5.
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