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14 results for “multi host parasites”
Fig. 4 in A community analysis approach to parasite transmission in multi-host systems: Assemblages of small mammal prey and Echinococcus multilocularis in an urban area in North America
Fig. 4. Map showing the geographic distribution of three small mammal assemblage types predicted for the City of Calgary area by a multinomial logistic regression (MLR) model associating the environmental variables to assemblage types, developed from data collected in 2012 and 2013 (Liccioli et al., 2014). Note how large portion of BWM and NHP were classified as assemblage 1 as expected, but also large portion of FCPP, where it was not expected.
Fig. 1 in A community analysis approach to parasite transmission in multi-host systems: Assemblages of small mammal prey and Echinococcus multilocularis in an urban area in North America
Fig. 1. Study sites for the characterization of the small mammal assemblages in urban Calgary, AB, Canada in 2012–2013, showing the location of five areas in Urban Calgary and detailed map of Bowmont, Southland Lowlands, and Weaselhead. Bowmont (BM), Fishcreek Provincial Park (FCPP), Nose Hill Park (NHP), Southland Lowlands (SL), and Weaselhead (WSH).
Fig. 2 in A community analysis approach to parasite transmission in multi-host systems: Assemblages of small mammal prey and Echinococcus multilocularis in an urban area in North America
Fig. 2. Dendrograms derived from the Bray-Curtis similarity of small mammal assemblages in five parks and natural areas in urban Calgary, AB, Canada, 2012–2013. a) Dendrogram using abundance data and group-average clustering algorithm. The dashed line indicates the cluster cut-off line of 45% similarity. Symbols for each site indicate the prevalence of definitive hosts (EmDH) and presence (1) or absence (0) of infected small mammals (EmIH). b) Dendrogram using abundance data and complete-linkage clustering algorithm. Note how it is similar to the dendrogram using group-average algorithm. c) Dendrogram using proportion data and group-average clustering algorithm. Note how all BM sites are in single cluster and all NHP sites and most sites are in another cluster, similar to the dendrogram using abundance data.
Beyond single host, single parasite interactions: quantifying competence for complete multi-host, multi-parasite communities
<p>Understanding parasite transmission in communities requires knowledge of each species' capacity to support transmission. This property, "competence", is a critical currency for modeling transmission under community change and for testing diversity-disease theory. Despite the central role of competence in disease ecology, we lack a clear understanding of the factors that generate competence and drive its variation.</p> <p>We developed novel conceptual and quantitative approaches to systematically quantify competence for a multi-host, multi-parasite community. We applied our framework to an extensive dataset: five amphibian host species exposed to four parasitic trematode species across five ecologically realistic exposure doses. Together, this experimental design captured twenty host-parasite interactions while integrating important information on variation in parasite exposure. Using experimental infection assays, we measured multiple components of the infection process and combined them to produce competence estimates for each interaction.</p> <p>With directly estimated competence values, we asked which components of the infection process best explained variation in competence: barrier resistance (the initial fraction of administered parasites blocked from infecting a host), internal clearance (the fraction of established parasites lost over time) or pre-transmission mortality (the probability of host death prior to transmission). We found that variation in competence among the twenty interactions was best explained by differences in barrier resistance and pre-transmission mortality, underscoring the importance of host resistance and parasite pathogenicity in shaping competence.</p> <p>We also produced dose-integrated estimates of competence that incorporated natural variation in exposure to address questions on the basis and extent of variation in competence. We found strong signals that host species identity shaped competence variation (as opposed to parasite species identity). While variation in infection outcomes across hosts, parasites, individuals, and doses was considerable, individual heterogeneity was limited compared to among-species differences. This finding highlights the robustness of our competence estimates and suggests that species-level values may be strong predictors for community-level transmission in natural systems.</p> <p>Competence emerges from distinct underlying processes and can have strong species-level characteristics; thus, this property has great potential for linking mechanisms of infection to epidemiological patterns.</p>
Data from: A role for the local environment in driving species-specific parasitism in a multi-host parasite system
<p>The extent and magnitude of parasitism often vary among closely related host species and across populations within species. Determining the ecological basis for this species and population-level variation in parasitism is critical for understanding infection dynamics in multi-host-parasite systems. To investigate such ecological underpinnings of variation in parasitism, we studied <em>Enallagma </em>damselflies host species and their water mite (<em>Arrenurus</em> spp.) ectoparasites in lakes.</p> <p>We first evaluated how host identity and density could shape parasitism. To test the effects of con- and heterospecific host density on parasitism, we used a field experiment with <em>E. basidens</em> and <em>E. signatum</em>. We found that parasitism did not vary with con- or heterospecific density and was determined by host identity alone, with no spillover effects.</p> <p>We also evaluated the potential role of local adaptation and resource availability in shaping parasitism. To do so, we used <em>E. signatum</em> in a reciprocal transplant experiment crossed with a prey resource level manipulation. This experiment revealed that parasitism declined sharply for one host population in its non-local lake, but not the other source population, with no effects of prey levels. This asymmetry implies that damselflies express enhanced defenses against parasitism that are not population specific nor dependent on resource abundance, or that mites developed heightened local host specificity.</p> <p>The results of multivariate modeling from an observational study generally supported these experimental findings: neither host density nor resource abundance strongly explained among population variation in parasitism. Instead, local abiotic conditions (pH) had the strongest relationship with parasitism, with minimal associations with predator density, temperature, and a measure of immune function.</p> <p>Collectively, our findings suggest a crucial role for the local environment in shaping host-parasite interactions within multi-host-parasite systems. More generally, these results show that research at the intersection of community ecology and disease ecology is critical for understanding host-parasite dynamics within natural communities.</p>
Beyond single host, single parasite interactions: quantifying competence for complete multi-host, multi-parasite communities
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Data from: A role for the local environment in driving species-specific parasitism in a multi-host parasite system
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Data from: Multi-environment quantification of parasite and intermediate host DNA on pasture for fine-scale disease risk assessment
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Data from: Pythons, parasites and pests: anthropogenic impacts on Sarcocystis (Sarcocystidae) transmission in a multi-host system
Parasites are essential components of ecosystems and can be instrumental in maintaining host diversity and populations; however, their role in trophic interactions has often been overlooked. Three apicomplexan parasite species of Sarcocystis (S. singaporensis, S. zamani, and S. villivillosi) use the reticulated python as their definitive hosts and several species within the Rattus genus as intermediate hosts, and they form a system useful for studying interactions between host–parasite and predator–prey relationships, as well as anthropogenic impacts on parasite transmission. Based on predictions from a 1998 survey, which detected an inverse relationship between urban development and Sarcocystis infection in Rattus, we tested the hypothesis that Sarcocystis transmission in Singapore will decrease over time due to anthropogenic activities. Despite a large proportion of the reticulated python diet consisting of Rattus species at all sizes of pythons, Sarcocystis infection rates decreased from 1998 to 2010. Pythons found in industrial areas had lower Sarcocystis infection rates, particularly in the western industrial area of Singapore Island. Average python size also decreased, with implications that we predict may disrupt host–parasite relationships. Anthropogenic activities such as habitat modification, fragmentation, and systematic removal and translocation of pythons have negative impacts on Sarcocystis transmission in Singapore, which in turn may augment pest rat populations. Trends observed may ultimately have negative impacts on human health and biodiversity in the region.
Data from: Long-term prevalence data reveals spillover dynamics in a multi-host (Artemia), multi-parasite (Microsporidia) community
In the study of multi-host parasites, it is often found that host species contribute asymmetrically to parasite transmission. Yet in natural populations, identifying which hosts contribute to parasite transmission and maintenance is a recurring challenge. Here, we approach this issue by taking advantage of natural variation in the composition of a host community. We studied the brine shrimps Artemia franciscana and Artemia parthenogenetica and their microsporidian parasites Anostracospora rigaudi and Enterocytospora artemiae. Previous laboratory experiments had shown that each host can transmit both parasites, but could not predict their actual contributions to the parasites' maintenance in the field. To resolve this, we gathered long-term prevalence data from a metacommunity of these species. Metacommunity patches could contain either or both of the Artemia host species, so that the presence of the hosts could be linked directly to the persistence of the parasites. First, we show that the microsporidian A. rigaudi is a spillover parasite: it was unable to persist in the absence of its maintenance host A. parthenogenetica. This result was particularly striking, as A. rigaudi displayed both high prevalence (in the field) and high infectivity (when tested in the laboratory) in both hosts. Moreover, the seasonal presence of A. parthenogenetica imposed seasonality on the rate of spillover, causing cyclical pseudo-endemics in the spillover host A. franciscana. Second, while our prevalence data was sufficient to identify E. artemiae as either a spillover or a facultative multi-host parasite, we could not distinguish between the two possibilities. This study supports the importance of studying the community context of multi-host parasites, and demonstrates that in appropriate multi-host systems, sampling across a range of conditions and host communities can lead to clear conclusions about the drivers of parasite persistence.
Data from: Pythons, parasites and pests: anthropogenic impacts on Sarcocystis (Sarcocystidae) transmission in a multi-host system
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Data from: Dynamic transmission, host quality and population structure in a multi-host parasite of bumble bees
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Data from: Long-term prevalence data reveals spillover dynamics in a multi-host (Artemia), multi-parasite (Microsporidia) community
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Fig. 3 in A community analysis approach to parasite transmission in multi-host systems: Assemblages of small mammal prey and Echinococcus multilocularis in an urban area in North America
Fig. 3. Plot of the Canonical Correlation Analysis on the principal coordinates (CAP) of small mammal assemblages in five parks and natural areas in urban Calgary, AB, Canada, 2012–2013, using the cluster as a grouping factor. The cluster 1 is on the lower right corner, cluster 2 is on the lower left corner, and cluster 3 is on the center to the top of the plot. The 45% similarity contour line is drawn based on the dendrogram in Fig. 2a. a) Vectors were overlaid showing the correlation with the abundances of each species to each cluster. The red vector shows the correlation with the abundance of all the susceptible species combined. b) Vectors were overlaid showing the correlation with the proportion of each species to each cluster. The red vector shows the correlation with the proportion of all the susceptible species. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.