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14 results for “multilevel selection”
Multilevel selection on social network traits differs between sexes in experimental populations of forked fungus beetles
<p>Both individual and group behavior can influence individual fitness, but multilevel selection is rarely quantified on social behaviors. Social networks provide a unique opportunity to study multilevel selection on social behaviors, as they describe complex social traits and patterns of interaction at both the individual and group levels. In this study, we used contextual analysis to measure the consequences of both individual network position and group network structure on individual fitness in experimental populations of forked fungus beetles (<em>Bolitotherus</em> <em>cornutus</em>) with two different resource distributions. We found that males with high individual connectivity (strength) and centrality (betweenness) had higher mating success. However, group network structure did not influence their mating success. Conversely, we found that individual network position had no effect on female reproductive success but that females in populations with many social interactions experienced lower reproductive success. The strength of individual-level selection in males and group-level selection in females intensified when resources were clumped together, showing that habitat structure influences multilevel selection. Individual and emergent group social behavior both influence variation in components of individual fitness but impact male mating success and female reproductive success differently, setting up intersexual conflicts over patterns of social interactions at multiple levels. </p>
Multilevel selection on social network traits differs between sexes in experimental populations of forked fungus beetles
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High-quality video files for Hermsen, R, "Emergent multilevel selection in a simple spatial model of the evolution of altruism" (2021)
<p>The supplementary movies published with the article<br> <br> R. Hermsen<em>, Emergent multilevel selection in a simple spatial model of the evolution of altruism</em><br> <br> have a relatively low resolution. Here, the same three movies are provided at a higher resolution.</p> <p>Note: In Version 1 of this deposit, Movie 1 was incorrect: it visualized a different simulation run than intended. This is corrected in Version 2.</p>
Data from: Multilevel and sex-specific selection on competitive traits in North American red squirrels.
Individuals often interact more closely with some members of the population (e.g. offspring, siblings or group members) than they do with other individuals. This structuring of interactions can lead to multilevel natural selection, where traits expressed at the group-level influence fitness alongside individual-level traits. Such multilevel selection can alter evolutionary trajectories, yet is rarely quantified in the wild, especially for species that do not interact in clearly demarcated groups. We quantified multilevel natural selection on two traits, postnatal growth rate and birth date, in a population of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). The strongest level of selection was typically within-acoustic social neighbourhoods (within 130m of the nest), where growing faster and being born earlier than nearby litters was key, while selection on growth rate was also apparent both within-litters and within-study areas. Higher population densities increased the strength of selection for earlier breeding, but did not influence selection on growth rates. Females experienced especially strong selection on growth rate at the within-litter level, possibly linked to the biased bequeathal of the maternal territory to daughters. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering multilevel and sex-specific selection in wild species, including those that are territorial and sexually monomorphic.
Data from: Multilevel and sex-specific selection on competitive traits in North American red squirrels.
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Selective Nerve Root Block With Ultrasound Guidance Improves Surgical Outcome of Selective Discectomy in Patients With Multilevel Cervical Disc Disease
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05145530. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Data from: The origin of the central dogma through conflicting multilevel selection
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Multilevel selection on offspring size and the maintenance of variation
<p>Multilevel selection on offspring size occurs when offspring fitness depends on both absolute size (hard selection), and size relative to neighbours (soft selection). We examined multilevel selection on egg size at two biological scales: within clutches and among females, for an external fertilising tubeworm. We exposed clutches of eggs to two sperm environments (limiting and saturating) and measured their fertilisation success. We then modelled environmental (sperm) differences in hard and soft selection on individual eggs, as well as selection on clutch-level traits (means and variances). Hard and soft selection differed in strength and form depending on sperm availability – hard selection was consistently stabilising; soft selection was directional and favoured eggs relatively larger (sperm limitation) or smaller (sperm saturation) than the clutch-mean. At the clutch-level, selection on mean-egg size was largely stabilising; whilst selection on within-clutch variance was weak, but generally negative – although some correlational selection occurred between these two traits. Importantly, we found that the optimal clutch-mean egg size differed for mothers and offspring, suggesting some antagonism between the levels of selection. We thus identify several pathways that may maintain offspring-size variation: environmentally (sperm)-dependent soft selection; antagonistic multilevel selection; and correlational selection on clutch-means and variances. Multilevel approaches are powerful, but seldom used, tools for studies of offspring size and we encourage their future use.</p>
Data from: Competing metabolic strategies in a multilevel selection model
The evolutionary mechanisms of energy efficiency have been addressed. One important question is to understand how the optimized usage of energy can be selected in an evolutionary process, especially when the immediate advantage of gathering efficient individuals in an energetic context is not clear. We propose a model of two competing metabolic strategies differing in their resource usage, an efficient strain which converts resource into energy at high efficiency but displays a low rate of resource consumption, and an inefficient strain which consumes resource at a high rate but at low yield. We explore the dynamics in both well-mixed and structured populations. The selection for optimized energy usage is measured by the likelihood that an efficient strain can invade a population of inefficient strains. It is found that the parameter space at which the efficient strain can thrive in structured populations is always broader than observed in well-mixed populations.
Data from: Multilevel selection in the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora tetrasperma
The history of life has been driven by evolutionary transitions in individuality, i.e., the aggregation of autonomous individuals to form a new, higher-level individual. The fungus Neurospora tetrasperma has recently undergone an evolutionary transition in individuality from homokaryosis (one single type of nuclei in the same cytoplasm) to heterokaryosis (two genetically divergent and free-ranging nuclear types). In this species, selection can act at different levels: while nuclei can compete in their replication and transmission into short-lived asexual spores, at the level of the heterokaryotic individual cooperation between nuclear types is required to produce the long-lived sexual spores. Conflicts can arise between these two levels of selection if the coevolution between nuclear types is disrupted. Here, we investigated the extent of multilevel selection in three strains of N. tetrasperma. We assessed the ratio between nuclear types under different conditions, and measured fitness traits of homo- and heterokaryotic mycelia with varying nuclear ratios. We show that the two nuclei have complementary traits, consistent with division of labor and cooperation. In one strain, for which a recent chromosomal introgression was detected, we observed the occurrence of selfish nuclei, enjoying better replication and transmission than sister nuclei at the same time as being detrimental to the heterokaryon. We hypothesize that introgression has disrupted the coevolution between nuclear types in this strain.
Data from: Multilevel selection with kin and non-kin groups, experimental results with Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
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Data from: Multilevel selection in the filamentous ascomycete Neurospora tetrasperma
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Data from: Competing metabolic strategies in a multilevel selection model
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Multilevel selection on offspring size and the maintenance of variation
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