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45 results for “multiple mating”
Sex-role-reversal and the Bateman gradient in coucals – females benefit from mating with multiple partners
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Costs and benefits of multiple mating in a species with first male sperm precedence
1. Different patterns of sperm precedence are expected to entail different costs and benefits of mating for each sex that translate into distinct predictions regarding mating system evolution. Still, most studies addressing these costs and benefits have focused on species with mixed paternity or last male precedence, neglecting first male sperm precedence. We attempted to understand whether this latter pattern of sperm precedence translates into different costs and benefits for each sex in the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae, a species in which female multiple mating is prevalent but the majority of the offspring is sired by first males. 2. First, we assessed the stability of the sperm precedence pattern. To do so, we measured offspring paternity after exposing females to a different number of matings and mating intervals. Next, to determine the potential costs or benefits of multiple mating for females under different contexts, we measured the fecundity and survival of females that re-mated at different time points. To measure the potential costs of multiple mating for males, we analysed male survival in the presence of different numbers of virgin or mated females. We also tested whether males can reduce offspring production of their competitors, by reducing the production of fertilized offspring of mated females. 3. We found no change in the pattern of sperm precedence, independently of the mating interval between matings and the number of matings. Females paid a cost of mating, as multiply mated females laid fewer eggs than once-mated females. However, while males had reduced survival when exposed to an intermediate number of virgin females, they paid no additional costs of mating with mated females. Moreover, females that mated multiple times produced fewer fertilized offspring than females that mated once. Thus, males that copulated with mated females reduced the fitness of other males, potentially leading to a relative fitness benefit for themselves. 4. Our results show that complex costs and benefits may arise in males in species with first male sperm precedence. How these costs and benefits affect the maintenance of selection for polyandry remains an open question. 29-Nov-2019
Multiple and extra-pair mating in a pair-living hermaphrodite, the intertidal limpet Siphonaria gigas
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Mate desertion affects offspring survival, development and physiology in a songbird with multiple parental strategies
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Costs and benefits of multiple mating in a species with first male sperm precedence
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Data from: Mating dynamics and multiple paternity in a long-lived vertebrate
Multiple paternity is relatively common across diverse taxa; however, the drivers and implications related to paternal and maternal fitness are not well understood. Several hypotheses have been offered to explain the occurrence and frequency of multiple paternity. One set of hypotheses seeks to explain multiple paternity through direct and indirect benefits including increased genetic diversity or enhanced offspring fitness, whereas another set of hypotheses explains multiple paternity as a byproduct of sexual conflict and population-specific parameters such as density. Here we investigate mating system dynamics in a historically studied population of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) in coastal South Carolina. We examine parentage in 151 nests across 6 years and find that 43% of nests were sired by multiple males and that male reproductive success is strongly influenced by male size. Whereas clutch size and hatchling size did not differ between singly sired and multiple sired nests, fertility rates were observed to be lower in multiply sired clutches. Our findings suggest that multiple paternity may exert cost in regard to female fitness, and raise the possibility that sexual conflict might influence the frequency of multiple paternity in wild alligator populations.
Python Script used in: Evolution of nuptial gifts and its coevolutionary dynamics with male-like persistence traits of females for multiple mating
<p>Many male animals donate nutritive materials during courtship or mating to their female mates. Donation of large-sized gifts, though costly to prepare, can result in increased sperm transfer during mating and delayed remating of the females, resulting in a higher paternity. Nuptial gifting sometimes causes severe female-female competition for obtaining gifts (i.e., sex-role reversal in mate competition) and female polyandry, changing the intensity of sperm competition and the resultant paternity gains. We built a theoretical model to analyze such coevolutionary feedbacks between nuptial gift size (male trait) and propensity for multiple mating (female trait). Our genetically explicit, individual-based computer simulations demonstrate that a positive correlation between donated gift size and the resultant paternity gain is a requisite for the co-occurrence of large-sized gifts and females' competitive multiple mating for the gifts. When gift donation imposes monandry, exaggeration of nuptial gift size also occurs under the assumption that the last male monopolizes paternity, although it reduces mating opportunities, also occurs under the assumption that the last male monopolizes paternity. We also analyzed the causes and consequences of the evolution of a female persistence trait in trading of nuptial gifts, that is, double receptacles for nuptial gifts known to occur in an insect group with a "female penis" (<em>Neotrogla</em> spp.).</p>
Data from: Flying the nest: male dispersal and multiple paternity enables extrafamilial matings for the invasive bark beetle Dendroctonus micans
There is an evolutionary trade-off between the resources that a species invests in dispersal versus those invested in reproduction. For many insects, reproductive success in patchily-distributed species can be improved by sibling-mating. In many cases, such strategies correspond to sexual dimorphism, with males–whose reproductive activities can take place without dispersal–investing less energy in development of dispersive resources such as large body size and wings. This dimorphism is particularly likely when males have little or no chance of mating outside their place of birth, such as when sperm competition precludes successful fertilisation in females that have already mated. The economically important bark beetle pest species Dendroctonus micans (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) has been considered to be exclusively sibling-mating, with 90% of females having already mated with their brothers by emergence. The species does not, however, show strong sexual dimorphism; males closely resemble females, and have been observed flying through forests. We hypothesised that this lack of sexual dimorphism indicates that male D. micans are able to mate with unrelated females, and to sire some or all of their offspring, permitting extrafamilial reproduction. Using novel microsatellite markers, we carried out cross-breeding laboratory experiments and conducted paternity analyses of resulting offspring. Our results demonstrate that a second mating with a less-related male can indeed lead to some offspring being sired by the latecomer, but that most are sired by the first, sibling male. We discuss these findings in the context of sperm competition versus possible outbreeding depression.
Data from: Single and multiple mating reduces longevity of female dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica)
For many species, mating is a necessary yet costly activity. The costs involved can have an important influence on the evolution of life histories and senescence. Females of many species mate multiply and this behaviour can inflict a longevity cost. Most studies investigating the effects of multiple mating on female survival have been conducted on insects and the effects in other taxa are largely unknown. We investigate the effects of both a single mating and a second mating on longevity in female dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica), a species in which both sexes mate multiply. Through comparing the longevity of virgin, once-mated and twice-mated females, we found that a single mating reduced female lifespan by 15 days on average. A second mating resulted in an additional 8 day (on average) longevity cost, despite no difference in total clutch mass, number of clutches, single egg mass or number of eggs per clutch between once-mated and twice-mated females. This demonstrates a cost to multiple mating which may be independent of the cost of egg production. Furthermore, total clutch mass and female lifespan were positively correlated, whilst female lifespan decreased with increasing average water temperature. The presence of an additive effect of reproduction on longevity suggests that multiple mating in cephalopods may have benefits that outweigh these costs, or that there is a conflict in optimal mating frequency between males and females.
Data from: Mating portfolios: bet-hedging, sexual selection and female multiple mating
Polyandry (female multiple mating) has profound evolutionary and ecological implications. Despite considerable work devoted to understanding why females mate multiply, we currently lack convincing empirical evidence to explain the adaptive value of polyandry. Here, we provide a direct test of the controversial idea that bet-hedging functions as a risk-spreading strategy that yields multi-generational fitness benefits to polyandrous females. Unfortunately, testing this hypothesis is far from trivial, and the empirical comparison of the across-generations fitness payoffs of a polyandrous (bet hedger) versus a monandrous (non-bet hedger) strategy has never been accomplished because of numerous experimental constraints presented by most 'model' species. In this study, we take advantage of the extraordinary tractability and versatility of a marine broadcast spawning invertebrate to overcome these challenges. We are able to simulate multi-generational (geometric mean) fitness among individual females assigned simultaneously to a polyandrous and monandrous mating strategy. Our approaches, which separate and account for the effects of sexual selection and pure bet-hedging scenarios, reveal that bet-hedging, in addition to sexual selection, can enhance evolutionary fitness in multiply mated females. In addition to offering a tractable experimental approach for addressing bet-hedging theory, our study provides key insights into the evolutionary ecology of sexual interactions.
Data from: Consequences of multiple mating-system shifts for population and range-wide genetic structure in a coastal dune plant
Evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing can strongly affect the genetic diversity and structure of species at multiple spatial scales. We investigated the genetic consequences of mating system shifts in the North American, Pacific coast dune endemic plant Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia (Onagraceae) by assaying variation at 13 nuclear (n) and six chloroplast (cp) microsatellite (SSR) loci for 38 populations across the species range. As predicted from the expected reduction of effective population size (Ne) caused by selfing, small-flowered, predominantly selfing (SF) populations had much lower nSSR diversity (but not cpSSR) than large flowered, predominantly outcrossing (LF) populations. The reduction of nSSR diversity was greater than expected from the effects of selfing on Ne alone, but could not be accounted for by indirect effects of selfing on population density. Although selfing should reduce gene flow, SF populations were not more genetically differentiated than LF populations. We detected five clusters of nSSR genotypes and three groups of cpSSR haplotypes across the species range consisting of parapatric groups of populations that usually (but not always) differed in mating system, suggesting that selfing may often initiate ecogeographic isolation. However, lineage-wide genetic variation was not lower for selfing clusters, failing to support the hypothesis that selection for reproductive assurance spurred the evolution of selfing in this species. Within three populations where LF and SF plants coexist we detected genetic differentiation among diverged floral phenotypes suggesting that reproductive isolation (probably postzygotic) may help maintain the striking mating system differentiation observed across the range of this species
Data from: Multiple mating is linked to social setting, and benefits the males in a communally rearing mammal
Individuals in social species may mate with multiple opposite sex individuals, including members of the same or different social groups. This variation may be linked to genetic benefits, where multiple mating decreases risk of inbreeding. Multiple mating also may be constrained by the socio-spatial setting through its effect on availability of mates. Since multiple mating with individuals from same or different groups may determine sex-specific fitness effects, we also examined how multiple mating modulates social benefits of females and males. We used 7 years of data on demography, social organization, and genetics of a natural population of the group-living and colonial rodent, Octodon degus, to determine how kin and sex composition within social groups, and spatial relations between these groups (i.e., colonial habits) influence multiple mating and its fitness consequences. 81.3% of males and 64.9% of females produced offspring with multiple opposite sex individuals within groups and with individuals of neighboring groups. Thus, polygynandry was the dominant mating system in the degu population examined. Multiple mating in degus was high when compared with estimates reported in other social mammals. Variation in female and male multiple mating was better explained by social setting through its effect on availability of potential mates rather than by benefits derived from decreasing risk of inbreeding. Finally, our study revealed how multiple mating enhances male, but not female reproductive success.
Figure 1 in Short Note Multiple paternity in the pueriparous North African fire salamander, Salamandra algira, supports polyandry as a successful mating strategy in low fecundity Salamandra lineages
Figure 1. (a) Distribution of both species displaying reproductive polymorphism, Salamandra salamandra (in blue) and Salamandra algira (in green). In red, the area of occurrence of pueriparity within each species. Values next to each pueriparous nuclei denote the frequency of multiple paternity. (b) Detail of the western-most distribution area of S. algira where the pueriparous lineage occurs (in red). The box shows the number of fathers and the proportion of the offspring sired by each male for all four studied females. Numbers in brackets are clutch size in each female.
An empirical test of the bet-hedging polyandry hypothesis: female red flour beetles avoid extinction via multiple mating
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Data from: Mating dynamics and multiple paternity in a long-lived vertebrate
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Data from: Flying the nest: male dispersal and multiple paternity enables extrafamilial matings for the invasive bark beetle Dendroctonus micans
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Data from: Multiple mating is linked to social setting, and benefits the males in a communally rearing mammal
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Data from: Single and multiple mating reduces longevity of female dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica)
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Data from: Consequences of multiple mating-system shifts for population and range-wide genetic structure in a coastal dune plant
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Multiple paternity in a lek mating system: females mate multiply when they choose inexperienced sires
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