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27 results for “multivariate selection”
Egg-induced changes to sperm phenotypes shape patterns of multivariate selection on ejaculates
<p class="MsoPlainText">Ejaculates exhibit extraordinary phenotypic diversity and rapid rates of evolution, yet the adaptive value of most sperm traits remains equivocal. Recent findings suggest that to understand how selection targets ejaculates we must recognize that female-imposed physiological conditions often alter ejaculate phenotypes. These phenotypic changes to ejaculates may influence the relationships among sperm traits and their association with fitness. Here, we show that chemical substances released by eggs (known to modify sperm physiology and behavior) alter patterns of selection on a suite of sperm traits in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. We use multivariate selection analyses to characterize linear and nonlinear selection acting on sperm traits in (a) seawater alone, and (b) seawater containing egg-derived chemicals (egg water). Our analyses revealed that nonlinear selection on canonical axes of multiple traits (notably sperm velocity, sperm linearity and percentage of motile sperm) was the most important form of selection overall, but importantly these patterns were only evident when sperm phenotypes were measured in egg water. These findings reveal the subtle way that females can alter patterns of selection, with the implication that overlooking environmentally-moderated changes to ejaculate phenotypes may result in erroneous interpretations of how selection targets phenotypic (co)variation in ejaculate traits.</p>
Data from: Multivariate phenotypic selection on a complex sexual signal
Animal signals are complex, comprising multiple components that receivers may use to inform their decisions. Components may carry information of differing value to receivers, and selection on one component could modulate or reverse selection on another, necessitating a multivariate approach to estimating selection gradients. However, surprisingly few empirical studies have estimated the strength of phenotypic selection on complex signals with appropriate design and adequate power to detect non-linear selection. We used phonotaxis assays to measure sexual selection on the advertisement signal of Cope's gray tree frog, Hyla chrysoscelis. Female preferences were assessed for five signal components using single-stimulus and two-stimulus behavioral assays. Linear, quadratic, and correlational selection gradients were estimated from the single-stimulus data. Significant directional selection is acting on call duration, call rate, pulse rate, and relative amplitude; stabilizing selection is acting on call duration and call rate. Under the two-stimulus paradigm, conclusions were qualitatively different, revealing non-linear selection on all components except call duration. For individual subjects, the outcomes of single-stimulus and two-stimulus trials were frequently discordant, suggesting that the choice of testing paradigm may affect conclusions drawn from experiments.
Data from: Axes of multivariate sexual signal divergence among incipient species: concordance with selection, genetic variation, and phenotypic plasticity
<p>Sexual signaling traits are often observed to diverge rapidly among populations, thereby playing a potentially key early role in the evolution of reproductive isolation. While often assumed to reflect divergent sexual selection among populations, patterns of sexual trait diversification might sometimes be biased along axes of standing additive genetic variation and covariation among trait components. Additionally, theory predicts that environmentally-induced phenotypic variation might facilitate rapid trait evolution, suggesting that patterns of divergence between populations should mirror phenotypic plasticity within populations. Here we evaluate the concordance between observed axes of multivariate sexual trait divergence and predicted divergence based on (1) interpopulation variation in sexual selection, (2) additive genetic variances, and (3) temperature-related phenotypic plasticity in male courtship song among geographically isolated populations of the Hawaiian swordtail cricket, Laupala cerasina, which exhibit sexual isolation due sexual signaling traits. The major axis of multivariate divergence, dmax, accounted for 76% of variation among population male song trait means, and was moderately correlated with interpopulation differences in directional sexual selection based on female preferences. However, the majority of additive genetic variance was largely oriented away from the direction of divergence, suggesting that standing genetic variation may not play a dominant role in the patterning of signal divergence. In contrast, the axis of phenotypic plasticity strongly mirrored patterns of interpopulation phenotypic divergence, which is consistent with a role for temperature-related plasticity in facilitating instead of inhibiting male song evolution and sexual isolation in these incipient species. We propose potential mechanisms by which sexual selection might interact with phenotypic plasticity to facilitate the rapid acoustic diversification observed in this species and clade.</p>
Data from: Multivariate selection mediated by aridity predicts divergence of drought resistant traits along natural aridity gradients of an invasive weed
<p><span>Geographic variation in the environment underpins selection for local adaptation and evolutionary divergence among populations. Because many environmental conditions vary across species' ranges, identifying the specific environmental variables underlying local adaptation is profoundly challenging. </span></p> <p><span>We tested whether natural selection mediated by aridity predicts clinal divergence among invasive populations of capeweed (<i><span>Arctotheca calendula</span></i>) that established and spread across southern Australia during the last two centuries. </span></p> <p><span>Using common garden experiments with two environmental treatments (wet and dry) that mimic aridity conditions across capeweed's invasive range, we estimated clinal divergence and effects of aridity on fitness and multivariate phenotypic selection in populations sampled along aridity gradients in Australia. We show that: (<i>i</i>) capeweed populations have relatively high fitness in aridity environments similar to their sampling locations; (<i>ii</i>) the magnitude and direction of selection strongly differs between wet and dry treatments, with drought stress increasing the strength of selection; and (<i>iii</i>) differences in directional selection between wet and dry treatments predict patterns of clinal divergence across the aridity gradient, particularly for traits affecting biomass, flowering phenology and putative antioxidant expression. </span></p> <p><span>Our results suggest that aridity-mediated selection contributes to trait diversification among invasive capeweed populations, possibly facilitating the expansion of capeweed across southern Australia. </span></p>
Repositiry for the article: "Gene regulatory network inference using mixed-norms regularized multivariate model with covariance selection" by Alain Mbebi & Zoran Nikoloski
<p>This is the repository for the manuscript "Gene regulatory network inference using mixed-norms regularized multivariate model with covariance selection" by Alain J. Mbebi & Zoran Nikoloski.</p> <p><strong>Organisation</strong></p> <ol> <li>The folder Codes contains the following R scripts with the K-folds cross-validation option to learn the hyperparameters:</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Mixed_L1L21_GRN.R which computes L1L21-solution</li> <li>Mixed_L1L21G_GRN.R which computes L1L21G-solution</li> <li>Mixed_L2L21_GRN.R which computes L2L21-solution</li> <li>Mixed_L2L21G_GRN.R which computes L2L21G-solution</li> <li>L1L21_Dream5_Scerevisiae_example_run.R is an example run using the L1L21-solution with S. cerevisiae data (Network 4 in DREAM5 challenge) All files needed to successfully run "L1L21_Dream5_Scerevisiae_example_run" are locaded in the folder Codes.</li> </ul> <p>2. The folder Figures contains all figures in the manuscript.</p> <p>3. The folder Inferred-networks contains all network objects for each dataset and each inference methods in the comparative analysis.</p> <p><strong>Dependencies and required packages</strong></p> <p>The following packages are required for the contending approaches in the comparative analysis: "devtools", "foreach", "plyr", "glmnet" and "randomForest".</p> <p><strong>GENIE3</strong></p> <p>The GENIE3 package can be installed from: <a href="http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GENIE3.html">http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/GENIE3.html</a></p> <p><strong>TIGRESS</strong></p> <p>The TIGRESS repository can be obtained from: <a href="https://github.com/jpvert/tigress">https://github.com/jpvert/tigress</a></p> <p><strong>ENNET</strong></p> <p>The ENNET repository can be obtained from: <a href="https://github.com/slawekj/ennet">https://github.com/slawekj/ennet</a></p> <p><strong>PLSNET</strong></p> <p>The Matlab source code of PLSNET can be obtained from: <a href="https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-016-1398-6#Sec17">https://bmcbioinformatics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12859-016-1398-6#Sec17</a></p> <p><strong>PORTIA</strong></p> <p>The PORTIA repository can be obtained from: <a href="https://github.com/AntoinePassemiers/PORTIA">https://github.com/AntoinePassemiers/PORTIA</a></p> <p><strong>D3GRN</strong></p> <p>The Matlab source code of D3GRN can be obtained from: <a href="https://github.com/chenxofhit/D3GRN">https://github.com/chenxofhit/D3GRN</a></p> <p><strong>Fused-LASSO</strong></p> <p>The fused-LASSO repository can be obtained from: <a href="https://github.com/omranian/inference-of-GRN-using-Fused-LASSO">https://github.com/omranian/inference-of-GRN-using-Fused-LASSO</a></p> <p><strong>ANOVerence</strong></p> <p>Because of some technical issues (e.g code's accessibility: <a href="http://www2.bio.ifi.lmu.de/%CB%9Ckueffner/anova.tar.gz">http://www2.bio.ifi.lmu.de/˜kueffner/anova.tar.gz</a>), we were not able to reproduce ANOVerence results and used the inferred network from DREAM5 challenge instead.</p> <p>4. Although the codes here were tested on Fedora 29 (Workstation Edition) using R (version 4.2.2), they can run under any Linux or Windows OS distributions, as long as all the required packages are compatible with the desired R version.</p>
Data from: Axes of multivariate sexual signal divergence among incipient species: concordance with selection, genetic variation, and phenotypic plasticity
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Egg-induced changes to sperm phenotypes shape patterns of multivariate selection on ejaculates
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Data from: Multivariate phenotypic selection on a complex sexual signal
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Data from: Multivariate selection mediated by aridity predicts divergence of drought resistant traits along natural aridity gradients of an invasive weed
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Data from: Predicting multivariate responses of sexual dimorphism to direct and indirect selection
<p>Sexual dimorphism is often assumed to result from balancing the strength of antagonistic selection in favor of dimorphism against the degree of constraint imposed by the shared genome of the sexes, reflected in the <b>B</b> matrix of genetic inter-sexual covariances. To investigate the totality of forces shaping dimorphism, we reparameterized the Lande equation to predict changes in trait averages and trait differences between the sexes. As genetic constraints on the evolution of dimorphism in response to antagonistic selection become larger, dimorphism will tend to respond more rapidly to concordant selection (which favors the same direction of change in male and female traits) than to antagonistic selection. When we apply this theory to four empirical estimates of <b>B</b> in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, the indirect responses of dimorphism to concordant selection are of comparable or larger magnitude than the direct responses of dimorphism to antagonistic selection in two suites<i> </i>of traits with typical levels of inter-sex correlation. Antagonistic selection is more important in two suites of traits where the inter-sex correlations are unusually low. This suggests that the evolution of sexual dimorphism may sometimes be dominated by concordant selection, rather than antagonistic selection. </p>
Data from: Temporally variable multivariate sexual selection on sexually dimorphic traits in a wild insect population
A widely held view is that the strength and form of natural selection varies in time and space in response to varying ecological forces; however, adequate quantitative evaluations of this are relatively scarce. In this study, we measured the strength and form of sexual selection acting on a suite of male morphological traits in a wild ambush bug (Phymata americana) population at 10 sampling dates over 2 years. We tested the prediction that the strength and direction of sexual selection would be associated with one or more important ecological variables. We found that patterns of multivariate selection varied considerably over time, and even within a season. Yet, for this population, a sexually dimorphic color pattern trait was consistently a target of directional selection. The strength of sexual selection on this trait was related to both sex ratio and density, which is consistent with the idea that ecological factors can play an important role in generating patterns of sexual selection. We also demonstrate that the median strength of linear selection obtained from replicated cross‐sectional methods was qualitatively similar to the estimates obtained from longitudinal methods, providing multiple lines of evidence that the evolution of sexual color dimorphism in this species is attributable to sexual selection.
Data from: Multivariate sexual selection on ejaculate traits under sperm competition
The widespread prevalence of sperm competition means that ejaculates face intense sexual selection. However, prior investigations of sexual selection on gametes have been hampered by two difficulties: (1) deriving estimates of relative fitness from sperm competition trials that are comparable across rival male and female genotypes; and (2) obtaining measures of competitive fertilization success that are not confounded by post-zygotic effects. Here, we exploit the experimental tractability of a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate to overcome these challenges and characterise multivariate sexual selection on sperm traits when multiple ejaculates compete. In multi-male spawning events, we tracked real-time success of sperm using fluorescent tags that are visible inside fertilized eggs. We then used multivariate selection analyses to identify patterns of linear and non-linear sexual selection on multiple sperm morphology and motility traits. Specifically, we found non-linear selection against divergent combinations of sperm length, velocity and swimming path linearity. These patterns likely reflect the way different swimming strategies allow sperm to locate and track eggs. Our results demonstrate that there are overall patterns of selection on ejaculates across a biologically realistic range of ejaculate-ejaculate and ejaculate-female interactions; therefore, there is the potential for adaptive evolution of ejaculate traits under sperm competition.
Density-dependent patterns of multivariate selection on sperm motility and morphology in a broadcast spawning mussel
<p>Sperm cells exhibit extraordinary phenotypic variation, both among taxa and within individual species, yet our understanding of the adaptive value of sperm trait variation across multiple contexts is incomplete. For species without the opportunity to choose mating partners, such as sessile broadcast spawning invertebrates, fertilisation depends on gamete interactions, which in turn can be strongly influenced by local environmental conditions that alter the concentration of sperm and eggs. However, the way in which such environmental factors impact phenotypic selection on functional gamete traits remains unclear in most systems. Here, we analyse patterns of linear and nonlinear multivariate selection under experimentally altered local sperm densities (densities within the capture zone of eggs) on a range of functionally important sperm traits in the broadcast spawning marine mussel, <i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>. Specifically, we assay components of sperm motility and morphology across two fertilisation environments that simulate either sperm limitation (when there are too few sperm to fertilise all available eggs), or sperm saturation (when there are many more sperm than required for fertilisation, and the risk of polyspermy and embryonic failure is heightened). Our findings reveal that the strength, form, and targets of selection on sperm depend on the prevailing fertilisation environment. In particular, our analyses revealed multiple significant axes of nonlinear selection on sperm motility traits under sperm limitation, but only significant negative directional selection on flagellum length under sperm saturation. These findings highlight the importance of local sperm densities in driving the adaptation of sperm phenotypes, particularly those related to sperm motility, in broadcast spawning invertebrates.</p>
Data from: Predicting multivariate responses of sexual dimorphism to direct and indirect selection
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Data from: Complex patterns of multivariate selection on the ejaculate of a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate
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Data from: Estimating uncertainty in multivariate responses to selection
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Data from: Temporally variable multivariate sexual selection on sexually dimorphic traits in a wild insect population
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Data from: Multivariate sexual selection on ejaculate traits under sperm competition
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Multivariate stabilizing sexual selection and the evolution of male and female genital morphology in the red flour beetle
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Density-dependent patterns of multivariate selection on sperm motility and morphology in a broadcast spawning mussel
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