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3 results for “naïve prey”
Trophic cascade driven by behavioural fine-tuning as naïve prey rapidly adjust to a novel predator
<p>The arrival of novel predators can trigger trophic cascades driven by shifts in prey numbers. Predators also elicit behavioural change in prey populations, via phenotypic plasticity and/or rapid evolution, and such changes may also contribute to trophic cascades. Here we document rapid demographic and behavioural changes in populations of a prey species (grassland melomys <em>Melomys burtoni</em>, a granivorous rodent) following the introduction of a novel marsupial predator (northern quoll <em>Dasyurus hallucatus</em>). Within months of quolls appearing, populations of melomys exhibited reduced survival and population declines relative to control populations. Quoll-invaded populations (<em>n </em>= 4) were also significantly shyer than nearby, quoll-free populations (<em>n </em>= 3) of conspecifics. This rapid but generalised response to a novel threat was replaced over the following two years with more threat-specific antipredator behaviours (i.e. predator-scent aversion). Predator-exposed populations, however, remained more neophobic than predator-free populations throughout the study. These behavioural responses manifested rapidly in changed rates of seed predation by melomys across treatments. Quoll-invaded melomys populations exhibited lower per-capita seed take rates, and rapidly developed an avoidance of seeds associated with quoll scent, with discrimination playing out over a spatial scale of tens of metres. Presumably the significant and novel predation pressure induced by quolls drove melomys populations to fine-tune behavioural responses to be more predator-specific through time. These behavioural shifts could reflect individual plasticity (phenotypic flexibility) in behaviour or may be adaptive shifts from natural selection imposed by quoll predation. Our study provides a rare insight into the rapid ecological and behavioural shifts enacted by prey to mitigate the impacts of a novel predator and shows that trophic cascades can be strongly influenced by behavioural as well as numerical responses.</p>
Exposure to a novel predator induces visual predator recognition by naïve prey
<p>The 'life-dinner principle' posits that there is greater selection pressure on the species that have more to lose in an interaction. Thus, based on the asymmetry within predator-prey interactions there is an advantage for prey to learn quickly, especially in response to novel, introduced predators. Here we test the 'learned recognition' hypothesis that posits that naïve prey species' ability to recognize and respond to introduced predators can be induced through experience. We quantified the behavioural response of initially predator naïve burrowing bettongs (<i>Bettongia lesueur</i>) that had been living in the presence (for 8 - 15 months) and absence of an introduced predator (feral cats—<i>Felis catus</i>) to models of cats, a herbivore (rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>)), novel object (plastic bucket) and no object (control). We expected that if bettongs recognized cats as a threat they would be more wary in the presence of cat models than either rabbit models, buckets or the control. Bettongs living without predators did not modify their behaviour in response to the cat model, but spent more time cautiously approaching the rabbit model compared to the control. However, bettongs living with cats spent more time cautiously approaching the cat model compared to the rabbit, bucket and control. Our results are consistent with the learned recognition hypothesis which suggests that a predator-naïve prey species ability to recognize novel predators is inducible through experience. Our finding suggests that antipredator responses of reintroduced species could be improved prior to release by exposing them to predators under carefully controlled conditions.</p>
Exposure to a novel predator induces visual predator recognition by naïve prey
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