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58 results for “natural regeneration”
Natural Regeneration of Puerto Rican Tropical Dry Forest Sites with Limited Burn History, Guánica Forest, 2012
This dataset documents the natural regeneration of tropical dry forest sites with limited burn history in Guánica Forest, Puerto Rico, following fire disturbance. Featuring a 29-year chronosequence, the dataset encompasses both short-term (2–5 months) and long-term (2–29 years) recovery, alongside mature forest control sites (including forest sites containing native grass). Data collection was conducted between May and August 2012 and focuses on woody tree species only. The dataset includes tree census data from seven sites (chrono_census.csv), recording species identity, stem diameter, aboveground biomass destruction, and resprouting dynamics. Additional data include species mean trait values, such as relative bark thickness and specific leaf area, to examine relationships with post-fire resprouting (chrono_traits.csv), and a species abundance matrix for evaluating community composition shifts over time (chrono_ndmsmatrix.csv). Field data were collected from circular 100 m² plots randomly placed at each site, with all woody plants tagged and identified. Stem diameters (≥1 cm) were measured at breast height (DBH) or ground height (DGH) in new-burn sites. Tree mortality was assessed, and aboveground biomass loss (0–100%) was estimated in new-burn sites. Resprouting was also quantified in short-term regeneration sites in mid-August 2012. In long-term sites, tree height was measured for the five tallest individuals. The dataset is relevant for researchers investigating tropical dry forest dynamics, fire ecology, and regeneration processes in Caribbean forest ecosystems. The dataset is complete and not ongoing.
Sharing land via keystone structure: retaining naturally regenerated trees may efficiently benefit birds in plantations
<p class="MsoListParagraph"><span>Meeting food/wood demands with increasing human population and per-capita consumption is a pressing conservation issue, and is often framed as a choice between land sparing and land sharing. Although most empirical studies comparing the efficacy of land sparing and sharing supported land sparing, land sharing may be more efficient if its performance is tested by rigorous experimental design and habitat structures providing crucial resources for various species––keystone structures––are clearly involved. We launched a manipulative experiment to retain naturally regenerated broad-leaved trees when harvesting conifer plantations in central Hokkaido, northern Japan. We surveyed birds in harvested treatments, unharvested plantation controls and natural forest references one-year before the harvest and for three consecutive post-harvest years. We developed a hierarchical community model separating abundance and space-use (territorial proportion overlapping treatment plots) subject to imperfect detection to assess population consequences of retention harvesting. Application of the model to our data showed that retaining some broad-leaved trees increased total abundance of forest birds over the harvest rotation cycle. Specifically, pre-harvest survey showed that the amount of broad-leaved trees increased forest bird abundance in a concave manner (i.e., in a form of diminishing-return). After harvesting, a small amount of retained broad-leaved trees mitigated negative harvesting impacts on abundance though retention harvesting reduced the space-use. Nevertheless, positive retention effects on the post-harvest bird density as the product of abundance and space-use exhibited a concave form. Thus, small profit reductions were shown to yield large increases in forest bird abundance. The difference in bird abundance between clear-cutting and low amounts of broad-leaved tree retention increased slightly from the first to second post-harvesting years. We conclude that retaining a small amount of broad-leaved trees may be a cost-effective on-site conservation approach for the management of conifer plantations. Retention of 20-30 broad-leaved trees per ha may be sufficient to maintain higher forest bird abundance than clear-cutting over the rotation cycle. Retention approaches can be incorporated into management systems using certification schemes and best management practices. Developing an awareness of the roles and values of naturally regenerated trees is needed to diversify plantations.</span></p>
Figs. 4 A, B in Methods for controlling natural regeneration of Japanese raisintree (Hovenia dulcis Thunb.) in Araucaria forest
Figs. 4 A, B. Effects of Japanese raisintree control method on stem number and survival regarding control, base cut and root removal treatments at different evaluation times (0, 60, 120, and 180 days). The study was conducted in an Araucaria Forest in São João do Triunfo, Paraná.
Figs. 7 A, B in Methods for controlling natural regeneration of Japanese raisintree (Hovenia dulcis Thunb.) in Araucaria forest
Figs. 7 A, B. Effects of Japanese raisintree control method on sapling numbers regarding control, base cut and root removal treatments at different evaluation periods (0, 60, 120, and 180 days after the application of the control method) in an Araucaria Forest in São João do Triunfo, Paraná.
Figs. 3 A, B in Methods for controlling natural regeneration of Japanese raisintree (Hovenia dulcis Thunb.) in Araucaria forest
Figs. 3 A, B. Effects of Japanese raisintree control method on seedling number and percent survival for control, base cut and root removal treatments at different evaluation periods (0, 60, 120, and 180 days). Experiment conducted in an Araucaria Forest in São João do Triunfo, Paraná.
Fig. 2 in Methods for controlling natural regeneration of Japanese raisintree (Hovenia dulcis Thunb.) in Araucaria forest
Fig. 2. Spatial distribution of the three tested methods for controlling Japanese raisintree: control (z), root removal () and base cut (), in an Araucaria Forest in the São João do Triunfo municipality, Paraná.
Figs. 5 A, B in Methods for controlling natural regeneration of Japanese raisintree (Hovenia dulcis Thunb.) in Araucaria forest
Figs. 5 A, B. Effects of Japanese raisintree control method on stem height regarding control, base cut and root removal in treatments at different evaluation times (0, 60, 120, and 180 days). The study was conducted in an Araucaria Forest in São João do Triunfo, Paraná.
Figs. 1A-C in Methods for controlling natural regeneration of Japanese raisintree (Hovenia dulcis Thunb.) in Araucaria forest
Figs. 1A-C. Application of three methods to control the natural regeneration of Japanese raisintrees. A. control; B. root removal; C. base cut in an Araucaria Forest in São João do Triunfo, Paraná.
Fig. 1 in Successional patterns of carabid fauna (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in planted and natural regenerated pine forests growing on old arable land
Fig. 1: Principal components analysis (PCA) carried out with the dataset. Years of study are given in brackets behind the study areas/sites.
Active restoration fosters better recovery of tropical rainforest birds than natural regeneration in degraded forest fragments
<ol> <li>Ecological restoration has emerged as a key strategy for conserving tropical forests and habitat specialists, and monitoring faunal recovery using indicator taxa like birds can help assess restoration success. Few studies have examined, however, whether active restoration achieves better recovery of bird communities than natural regeneration, or how bird recovery relates to habitat affiliations of species in the community.</li> <li>In rainforests restored over the past two decades in a fragmented landscape (Western Ghats, India), we examined whether bird species richness and community composition recovery in 23 actively restored (AR) sites was significantly better than recovery in paired naturally regenerating (NR) sites, relative to 23 undisturbed benchmark (BM) rainforests. We measured 8 habitat variables and tested whether bird recovery tracked habitat recovery, whether rainforest and open-country birds showed contrasting patterns, and assessed species-level responses to restoration.</li> <li>We recorded 92 bird species in 460 point-count surveys. Rainforest bird species richness was highest in BM, intermediate in AR, and lowest in NR. Contrastingly, open-country bird species richness was least in BM, intermediate in AR, and highest in NR.</li> <li>Bird community composition varied significantly across treatment types with composition in AR in transition from NR to BM. Bird community dissimilarity between sites was positively related to dissimilarity in habitat structure and floristics, and geographic distance between sites. Variance partitioning indicated that structural and floristic dissimilarity explained 90% of the variation in community composition.</li> <li>Indicator species analysis revealed significant associations of 34 species with one or more treatment types. Species associated with BM and AR treatment types were all rainforest species, while only 38% of species associated with AR and NR treatment types were rainforest species.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications</em>: We show that active restoration of degraded fragments benefits rainforest birds and reduces the infiltration of open-country birds, and highlight the importance of considering rainforest and open-country species separately. In human-modified tropical rainforest landscapes, active restoration of degraded fragments fosters partial recovery and complements protection of mature forests for bird conservation.</li> </ol>
Active restoration fosters better recovery of tropical rainforest birds than natural regeneration in degraded forest fragments
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Sharing land via keystone structure: retaining naturally regenerated trees may efficiently benefit birds in plantations
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Data from: Edaphic factors, successional status, and functional traits drive habitat associations of trees in naturally regenerating tropical dry forests
1. Many studies have examined individual environmental drivers of tropical tree species distributions, but edaphic and successional gradients have not been considered simultaneously. Furthermore, determining how functional traits influence species distributions along these gradients may help to elucidate mechanisms behind community assembly. 2. To assess the influence of environmental filtering on tropical dry forest (TDF) tree species distributions we used forest inventory data from sites with large edaphic and successional gradients in NW Costa Rica. Our goals were to determine (1) whether edaphic or successional factors are more important determinants of the abundance of individual tree species in regenerating TDF, (2) how species-level functional traits are related to edaphic and/or successional niche associations of tree species, and (3) correlations between species-level edaphic and successional niche associations. 3. The distributions of 82 focal tree species were strongly driven by both edaphic and successional gradients. Overall, 94% of species responded to soil chemistry, 89% to soil texture, and 94% to stand age gradients. Some functional traits were correlated with the edaphic and successional niche associations of TDF tree species. Species that specialized on soils with high total nutrient concentrations had higher foliar nutrient concentrations (nitrogen and phosphorus) and lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC). Species with wider stand age niches had lower LDMC and wood density. There were no correlations between edaphic and successional niche optima of TDF tree species. 4. Our results indicate that successional and edaphic gradients concurrently drive community assembly in regenerating TDF. Moreover, our work underscores the importance of considering how the functional characteristics of TDF trees dictates species distributions across environmental gradients.
Data from: Demographic costs and benefits of natural regeneration during tropical forest restoration
For tropical forest restoration to result in long‐term biodiversity gains, native trees must establish self‐sustaining populations in degraded sites. While many have asked how seedling recruitment varies between restoration treatments, the long‐term fate of these recruits remains unknown. We address this research gap by tracking natural recruits of 27 species during the first 7 years of a tropical forest restoration experiment that included both planted and naturally regenerating plots. We used an individual‐based model to estimate the probability that a seedling achieves reproductive maturity after several years of growth and survival. We found an advantage for recruits in naturally regenerating plots, with up to 40% increased probability of reproduction in this treatment, relative to planted plots. The demographic advantage of natural regeneration was highest for mid‐successional species, with relatively minor differences between treatments for early‐successional species. Our research demonstrates the consequences of restoration decision making across the life cycle of tropical tree species.
The natural 'exclosure effect' and tree regeneration following post-windstorm salvage logging
<p>Understanding the influence of post-disturbance forest management on tree regeneration is critical for assessing ecosystem recovery and guiding future responses. In particular, the influx of elevated coarse woody material (CWM) following wind disturbance, if left in situ, may impede herbivore access, thereby protecting saplings from browsing damage through a natural 'exclosure effect.'<br>In 2013, a tornado in northcentral Maine, USA and subsequent salvage logging operations created three clear 'treatments' for evaluation of the exclosure effect: blowdown, blowdown plus salvage logging, and an undamaged control. Nine years post-tornado, we inventoried tree regeneration within these treatments to evaluate differences in sapling abundance, species composition, size structure, and browsing intensity. We also inventoried CWM, including the height above forest floor.<br>Results revealed significant differences in sapling composition and browsing intensity among treatments. The salvage treatment had the highest proportion of browsed saplings (56 ± 28%; mean ± standard error), followed by the control (9 ± 10%) and blowdown (5 ± 8%). Blowdown had by far the greatest mean (50 ± 9 cm) and average maximum (169 ± 43 cm) heights for CWM. Binomial generalized linear models revealed that browsing probability was a function of mean CWM height and an interaction between sapling density and proportion of sapling hardwoods. Thus, browsing damage was less likely in plots with greater CWM heights and more likely in plots with greater sapling density and more hardwood saplings. <br>Synthesis and applications: This study furthers our understanding of ecosystem recovery following blowdown and salvage logging. Results suggest that salvage logging created important differences in CWM abundance and height distribution, when compared to un-salvaged areas, and that these differences in turn altered sapling size structure and browsing intensity. These findings highlight the potential long-term effects of successive disturbances, as the differences evident in these early stages may persist for decades or longer. Importantly, we provide evidence of the exclosure effect, suggesting that CWM retained in the un-salvaged area protected saplings from moose browsing. Thus, in post-disturbance areas where browsing threatens regeneration, we recommend that managers consider retaining CWM to serve as a natural exclosure.</p>
Figure 4 in Natural regeneration in Atlantic Forest Fragments: using ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for monitoring a conservation unit
Figure 4. Camponotus cillae recorded for the RPPN Botujuru: (A) front view; (B) dorsal view; (C) side view.
Characterizing Macroporous Ion Exchange Membrane Adsorbers for Natural Organic Matter (NOM) removal — Adsorption and Regeneration behavior
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Insect herbivore damages on white spruce growing in plantations and naturally regenerated under-canopy forest stands
<p>This data was prepared to compare insect damage on white spruce (<em>Picea glauca</em> (Moench) Voss, Pinaceae) growing in plantations with naturally regenerated trees under mature forest canopies in the boreal forest (Québec, Canada). We selected ten sites in the naturally regenerated forest and small, multispecies plantations and sampled ten young trees (per site) in late summer 2020 and again in early and late summer 2021. We recorded overall rates of damage for galls, damage by spruce budworm (<em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em> (Clemens, 1865)), spruce bud midge, spruce budmoth, spruce gall midge, cooley adelgid, defoliation from sawflies and other caterpillars.</p>
Canopy cover and ecological restoration increase natural regeneration of rainforest trees in the Western Ghats, India
<p>Restoration of canopy cover through tree planting can assist in overcoming barriers to natural regeneration and catalyze recovery of degraded tropical forests. India has made international pledges to restore millions of hectares of degraded forests by 2030, but lacks empirical research on regeneration under different types of planted and natural overstories to guide this mission. We conducted a field study (65 plots of 25 m<sup>2</sup>) to examine the influence of overstory type and canopy cover on naturally regenerating tree seedlings across degraded rainforests (DR), mixed-native species ecological restoration sites (ER), monoculture eucalypt plantations (MP), and mature "benchmark" rainforests (BR) in the Western Ghats mountains of peninsular India. ER had higher native tree seedling densities and recovered community composition towards BR levels compared to DR, while communities in MP shifted in the opposite direction. Densities of native late-successional species increased with canopy cover (particularly in ER), but greater canopy cover was also associated with increases in alien species, a few of which are shade-tolerant. Further, in a nursery experiment comprising four rainforest species, seed germination and early survival increased with shade, but did not vary across soils originating from DR, ER, and MP. Our findings show that while improving canopy cover is important, doing so by planting diverse native species, and controlling invasive alien species, can benefit rainforest recovery in degraded rainforest fragments. Conversely, planting non-native monocultures in degraded forests, which is a prevalent practice in India, could prove counterproductive for forest recovery in the long term.</p>
Figure 4 in Natural regeneration in Atlantic Forest Fragments: using ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) for monitoring a conservation unit
Figure 4. Camponotus cillae recorded for the RPPN Botujuru: (A) front view; (B) dorsal view; (C) side view. regeneration of the older areas provides resources to Another important factor is the potential of conservation those species with more specialized habits. units to discover new species, mainly invertebrates (Liu We underscore the presence of two species, a pos- et al., 2022), a group that lacks inventory data. sible new species of Octostruma Forel, 1912, recorded They also emphasize the need to advance in the idenin the areas with an understory, and Camponotus cillae tification of recorded morphospecies, increase sampling Forel, 1912 (Fig. 4) recorded in Brazil only by the type se- efforts, use other collection techniques to better underries in the state of São Paulo (Botucatu) by Forel in 1912 stand the diversity of ants and other faunal and floristic (Forel, 1912). Data on their biology is scarce in the liter- groups in the RPPN. Moreover, these results also underature. This new record highlights the importance of new score the need for the creation of measures aiming at studies on biodiversity to our comprehension of the dis- preserving the area, given that the urbanization process tribution of species (Janicki et al., 2016). has been intense in the vicinity of the conservation unit. In addition, our results show the potential of RPPN Botujuru; the occurrence of C. cillae and the possible species of Octostruma in the Botujuru RPPN emphasizes the CONCLUSION importance of conservation units for threatened biomes. Fragments of Atlantic Forest found in conservation units The diversity of ants evaluated in this first work, carare important for the preservation of biodiversity, acting ried out with only one collection campaign, indicates as refuge areas for species that suffer from anthropo- that the natural regeneration process is having positive genic pressures such as deforestation and urban growth effects in abandoned areas. The fragments that compose (Gardner et al., 2009; Pardini et al., 2009; Lima et al., 2020), the RPPN Botujuru may prove to be very representative providing resources, even for those rarely collected. of the Alto Tietê region regarding the conservation of the
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