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Study of the non-vector spread of the pine nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus through sawdust
<p>The goal of the study was to assess the possibility of <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees to be infested with pinewood nematode <em>B. xylophilus</em> through PWN-infested sawdust. The trials were conducted in climatic room at a temperature of 26℃ and at humidity of 60-70% from June to October, 2020. Each trial included 4-year-old seedlings of 12 <em>Pinus sylvestris </em>pines.</p> <p>The experiment contained seven trials, including the control: 1) uninjured stem + PWN-infested sawdust, 2) injured stem + PWN-infested sawdust, 3) injured stem + PWN-infested sawdust is 2.5 cm from the stem, 4) uninjured roots + PWN-infested sawdust in soil, 5) injured roots + PWN-infested sawdust in soil, 6) injured roots without sawdust, and 7) control. At the end of the experiment, the number of pinewood nematodes in the stem and roots of infested seedlings was counted. The number of nematodes is based on 100 grams wet weight of woody substrate and 100 cm<sup>3</sup> for soil substrate. We counted the number of wilted pine seedlings taking into account wilt classes (from 0 to 5) in different trials at the 20th week of the experiment. </p>
Figure 6 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever
Figure 6. Aedes aegypti larval mortality when exposed to 1000 infective juveniles (IJs) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora at different depths of water.
Figure 2 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever
Figure 2. Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to different species of EPN. Five 3rd instar larvae exposed to 1000 infective juveniles (IJs) and mortality assessed daily over 3-day period (DPI).
Figure 4 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever
Figure 4. Melanization of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora within Aedes aegypti larvae (3rd instar). A melanized H. bacteriophora within dead Ae. aegypti larvae (a), close up picture of melanized nematode upon larval dissection (b), nematodes representing different stages of melanization recovered from one dead Ae. aegypti larvae (c). Arrows indicate melanized nematode within Ae. aegypti larvae.
Figure 7 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever
Figure 7. Aedes aegypti larval mortality when exposed to supernatants and cell suspensions of Xenorhabdus nematophila (X. n.) and Photorhabdus laumondii (P. l.) in 24 well plates. Different uppercase or lower letters above error bars indicate statistical significance (Tukey's test p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 3 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever
Figure 3. Different stages of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora colonization of Aedes aegypti larvae (3rd instar). H. bacteriophora within larvae at 2-day post inoculation (a), H. bacteriophora emerging out of larvae upon larval dissection at 7-day post inoculation) (b), adult H. bacteriophora within larvae along with large number of infective juveniles (IJs) released from another adult H. bacteriophora (c). Black arrows indicate adult H. bacteriophora, whereas green arrows indicate newly emerged IJs.
Data from: Travelling at a slug's pace: possible invertebrate vectors of Caenorhabditis nematodes
Background: How do very small animals with limited long-distance dispersal abilities move between locations, especially if they prefer ephemeral micro-habitats that are only available for short periods of time? The free-living model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and several congeneric taxa appear to be common in such short-lived environments, for example decomposing fruits or other rotting plant material. Dispersal is usually assumed to depend on animal vectors, yet all current data is based on only a limited number of studies. In our project we performed three comprehensive field surveys on possible invertebrate vectors in North German locations containing populations of C. elegans and two related species, especially C. remanei, and combined these screens with an experimental analysis of persistence in one of the vector taxa. Results: Our field survey revealed that Caenorhabditis nematodes are commonly found in slugs, isopods, and chilopods, but are not present in the remaining taxonomic groups examined. Surprisingly, the nematodes were frequently isolated from the intestines of slugs, even if slugs were not collected in close association with suitable substrates for Caenorhabditis proliferation. This suggests that the nematodes are able to enter the slug intestines and persist for certain periods of time. Our experimental analysis confirmed the ability of C. elegans to invade slug intestines and subsequently be excreted alive with the slug feces, although only for short time periods under laboratory conditions. Conclusions: We conclude that three invertebrate taxonomic groups represent potential vectors of Caenorhabditis nematodes. The nematodes appear to have evolved specific adaptations to enter and persist in the harsh environment of slug intestines, possibly indicating first steps towards a parasitic life-style.
Data from: Travelling at a slug's pace: possible invertebrate vectors of Caenorhabditis nematodes
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Fig. 1. Filarial nematodes from a M in Differences in infection patterns of vector-borne blood-stage parasites of sympatric Malagasy primate species (Microcebus murinus, M. ravelobensis)
Fig. 1. Filarial nematodes from a M. murinus host: (A) Adult male filarial nematode specimen in situ, (B) anterior end of the adult specimen, (C) anterior region with nerve ring, (D) intermediate section and posterior end of the adult specimen and (E) microfilaria in a blood smear.
Figure 5 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever
Figure 5. Aedes aegypti larval mortality when exposed to 1000 infective juveniles (IJs) of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in different volumes of water.
Figure1 in Indiscriminate ingestion of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria by Aedes aegypti larvae: a novel strategy to control the vector of Chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever
Figure1. Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to different species of EPNs. Five 3rd instar larvae exposed to 500 infective juveniles (IJs) and mortality assessed daily at 1-day, 2- and 3-days post-inoculation (DPI).
Figure 3 from: Petersen-Silva R, Pujade-Villar J, Naves P, Sousa E (2012) Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region. ZooKeys 251: 29-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.251.3986
Figure 3 - Lateral view of hind femur of Odontocolon quercinum (a) and Xorides depressus (b); first and second metasomal tergites in dorsal view of Meteorus corax (c);head in lateral view of Odontocolon quercinum (d) and Xorides depressus (e).
Figure 7 from: Petersen-Silva R, Pujade-Villar J, Naves P, Sousa E (2012) Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region. ZooKeys 251: 29-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.251.3986
Figure 7 - Metasoma in dorsal view of Atanycolus denigrator (a), Cyanopterus flavator (b) and Cyanopterus tricolor (c); scape and pedicel in lateral view of C. flavator (d) and Atanycolus denigrator (e); space of head between antennal socket and eye in laterofrontal view of Atanycolus genalis (f) and Cyanopterus flavator (g).
Figure 6 from: Petersen-Silva R, Pujade-Villar J, Naves P, Sousa E (2012) Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region. ZooKeys 251: 29-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.251.3986
Figure 6 - Basal segments of antenna in lateral view of Coeloides sordidator (a) and Cyanopterus tricolor (b); metasoma in dorsal view of Iphiaulax impostor (c); face of Atanycolus ivanowi (d).
Figure 1 from: Petersen-Silva R, Pujade-Villar J, Naves P, Sousa E (2012) Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region. ZooKeys 251: 29-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.251.3986
Figure 1 - Forewing of Dolichomitus tuberculatus(a) and Doryctes striatellus (b); metasoma in dorsal view of Xorides depressus (c) and Cyanopterus flavator (d).
Figure 2 from: Petersen-Silva R, Pujade-Villar J, Naves P, Sousa E (2012) Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region. ZooKeys 251: 29-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.251.3986
Figure 2 - Propodeum in dorsal view of Dolichomitus tuberculatus (a) and Odontocolon quercinum (b); tarsal claws of Dolichomitus tuberculatus (c) and Odontocolon quercinum (d); first metasomal tergite in lateral view of Dolichomitus tuberculatus (e) and Odontocolon quercinum (f); dorsal view of metasoma of Dolichomitus tuberculatus (e); sp – spiracle.
Figure 5 from: Petersen-Silva R, Pujade-Villar J, Naves P, Sousa E (2012) Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region. ZooKeys 251: 29-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.251.3986
Figure 5 - Metasoma in dorsal view of Doryctes striatellus (a), Atanycolus ivanowi (b) and Coeloides sordidator (c); forewing of Coeloides sordidator (d); ma – mediobasal area.
Figure 4 from: Petersen-Silva R, Pujade-Villar J, Naves P, Sousa E (2012) Parasitoids of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), vector of the pine wood nematode, with identification key for the Palaearctic region. ZooKeys 251: 29-48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.251.3986
Figure 4 - Face in frontal view of Meteorus corax (a)and Doryctes striatellus (b); head in dorsal view of Atanycolus ivanowi (c) and Doryctes striatellus (d); detail of forewing of Monochamus corax (e).
Transcriptional profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes treated with L4440 (Empty Vector - EV) or grd-1 RNAi from L1 hatch, and collected at L3 of development.
GEO Series GSE211807. Caenorhabditis elegans. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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