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24 results for “neonicotinoid insecticide”
Fig. 1 in Incorporation of biorational insecticides with neonicotinoids to combat resurgence of Tetranychus urticae (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae) on rose
Fig. 1. Preference and non-preference test for spider mites by pro- viding imidacloprid (IMD)-or acetamiprid (ACT)-treated and untreated rose leaves as 2 choices at different days afer treatment (DAT) and observing the percentage of spider mites reaching a specific choice. Asterisk indicates significant difference between treatment and untreated control (P = 0.05, χ2 goodness of fit).
The weakest link: Haploid honey bees are more susceptible to neonicotinoid insecticides
<p><span>Neonicotinoid insecticides are currently of major concern for the health of wild and managed insects that provide key ecosystem services like pollination. Even though sublethal effects of neonicotinoids are well known, there is surprisingly little information on how they possibly impact developmental stability, and to what extent genetics are involved. This holds especially true for haploid individuals because they are hemizygous at detoxification loci and may be more susceptible. Here we take advantage of haplodiploidy in Western honey bees, <i>Apis mellifera</i>, to show for the first time that neonicotinoids affect developmental stability in diploid females (workers), and that haploid males (drones) are even more susceptible. Phenotypic fore wing venation abnormalities and fluctuating wing asymmetry, as measures of developmental instability, were significantly increased under field-realistic neonicotinoid-exposure of colonies. The higher susceptibility of haploid drones suggests that heterozygosity can play a key role in the ability to buffer the sublethal effects of neonicotinoids. Aiming to improve conservation efforts, our findings highlight the urgent need to better understand the role that genetics plays at enabling non-target organisms to cope with insecticide exposure.</span></p>
Laboratory bioassay of insecticides mixtures (neonicotinoids and ketoenols) against Bemisia tabaci Asia I
<p>Cotton leaves were dipped in serially diluted solutions of formulated insecticides for 10 s with slight agitation. The leaves with second instar nymphs that were dipped in double-distilled water containing 0.1 g L<sup>-1</sup> Triton X-100 only, served as control. Each bioassay including control used 3-4 replicates at a minimum of eight different concentrations and were maintained at the controlled growth condition. All the insecticides concentrations were selected to give a range of 0-100% mortality of <em>B. tabaci</em> nymphs. Two weeks later final mortality was assessed when the last nymphal instar had been reached on control plants. It was computed by comparing the number of second instar nymphs present at the time of treatment with the number remaining dead or unhatched on the day of mortality assessment. For bioassays with synergists (PBO and DEF), the cotton leaves containing the second instar nymphs of <em>B. tabaci</em> were dipped into synergist solutions (100 mg L<sup>-1</sup>) for 10 s at least 2 h before the imposition of insecticide treatments. Other procedures were same to those with insecticides only.</p>
Data for: Negative but antagonistic effects of neonicotinoid insecticides and ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor on Apis mellifera honey bee food glands
<p>Collaborative brood care by workers is essential for the functionality of eusocial honey bee, <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em>, colonies. The hypopharyngeal food glands of workers play a crucial role in this context. Even though there is consensus that ubiquitous ectoparasitic mites <em>Varroa</em> <em>destructor</em> and widespread insecticides, such as neonicotinoids, are major stressors for honey bee health, their impact alone and in combination on the feeding glands of workers is poorly understood. Here, we show that both <em>V. destructor</em> and neonicotinoids reduce hypopharyngeal gland size, thereby potentially compromising collaborative brood care in colonies. In a fully-crossed laboratory experiment, the impact of mites and the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam and clothianidin alone and in combination on workers were evaluated. While the neonicotinoids did not impact survival and emergence body mass, the data confirm that <em>V. destructor</em> reduces both. Even though the interactions between both stressors were antagonistic and neutral, the clear detrimental effects of both stressors alone and in combination on worker longevity and food glands are remarkable. Besides reduced worker longevity, impaired brood care provided by workers exposed to <em>V. destructor</em> and neonicotinoids could be detrimental for honey bee colony functionality. Our findings highlight a mechanism to explain honey bee colonies losses globally.</p>
Impacts of neonicotinoid insecticides on bumble bee energy metabolism are revealed under nectar starvation
<p>Bumble bees are an important group of insects that provide essential pollination services as a byproduct of their foraging behaviors. These pollination services are driven, in part, by energetic exchanges between flowering plants and individual bees. Thus, it is important to examine bumble bee energy metabolism and explore how it might be influenced by external stressors, which contribute to declines in global pollinator populations. Two stressors that are commonly encountered by bees include insecticides and nutritional stress. Our study examines the effects of neonicotinoid insecticide exposure alone, and in combination with nutritional stress, on bumble bee metabolism using a novel metabolomic approach. We hypothesized that exposure to the insecticide imidacloprid would disrupt bumble bee energy metabolism, leading to changes in key metabolites involved in energy metabolism. We exposed Bombus impatiens workers to imidacloprid according to one of three exposure paradigms designed to explore how sustained versus more limited imidacloprid exposure influences energy metabolites. After bees were exposed to imidacloprid, they were subjected to artificial nectar starvation. Our results showed that the strongest effects of imidacloprid were observed when treated bees also experienced artificial nectar starvation, suggesting a combinatorial effect of neonicotinoids and nutritional stress on energy metabolism. Overall, this study provides important insights into the mechanisms underlying the impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on bumble bees and underscores the need for further investigation into the complex interactions between environmental stressors and bee metabolism.</p>
The weakest link: Haploid honey bees are more susceptible to neonicotinoid insecticides
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Impacts of neonicotinoid insecticides on bumble bee energy metabolism are revealed under nectar starvation
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Data for: Negative but antagonistic effects of neonicotinoid insecticides and ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor on Apis mellifera honey bee food glands
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Data from: Neonicotinoid insecticide travels through a soil food chain, disrupting biological control of non-target pests and decreasing soya bean yield
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Neonicotinoid insecticides can pose a severe threat to grassland plant bug communities
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Data from: General and species-specific impacts of a neonicotinoid insecticide on the ovary development and feeding of wild bumblebee queens
Bumblebees are essential pollinators of crops and wild plants, but are in decline across the globe. Neonicotinoid pesticides have been implicated as a potential driver of these declines, but most of our evidence base comes from studies of a single species. There is an urgent need to understand whether such results can be generalized across a range of species. Here, we present results of a laboratory experiment testing the impacts of field-relevant doses (1.87–5.32 ppb) of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on spring-caught wild queens of four bumblebee species: Bombus terrestris, B. lucorum, B. pratorum and B. pascuorum. Two weeks of exposure to the higher concentration of thiamethoxam caused a reduction in feeding in two out of four species, suggesting species-specific anti-feedant, repellency or toxicity effects. The higher level of thiamethoxam exposure resulted in a reduction in the average length of terminal oocytes in queens of all four species. In addition to providing the first evidence for general effects of neonicotinoids on ovary development in multiple species of wild bumblebee queens, the discovery of species-specific effects on feeding has significant implications for current practices and policy for pesticide risk assessment and use.
Data from: Effects of neonicotinoid insecticide exposure and monofloral diet on nest-founding bumblebee queens
Bumblebees are among the world's most important groups of pollinating insects in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Each spring, queen bumblebees emerge from overwintering and initiate new nests, which ultimately give rise to workers and new reproductives later in the season. Nest initiation and survival are thus key drivers of both bumblebee pollination services and population dynamics. We performed the first laboratory experiment with the model bumblebee species Bombus impatiens that explores how early nesting success is impacted by the effects of temporary or more sustained exposure to sublethal levels of a neonicotinoid-type insecticide (imidacloprid at 5 ppb in nectar) and by reliance on a monofloral pollen diet, two factors that have been previously implicated in bumblebee decline. We found that queens exhibited increased mortality and dramatically reduced activity levels when exposed to imidacloprid, as well as delayed nest initiation and lower brood numbers in the nest, but partially recovered from these effects when they only received early, temporary exposure. The effects of pollen diet on individual queen- and colony-level responses were overshadowed by effects of the insecticide, although a monofloral pollen diet alone was sufficient to negatively impact brood production. These findings speak to the sensitivity of queen bumblebees during the nest initiation phase of the colony cycle, with implications for how queens and their young nests are uniquely impacted by exposure to threats such as pesticide exposure and foraging habitat unsuitability.
Data from: A nation-wide survey of neonicotinoid insecticides in agricultural land with implications for agri-environment schemes
1. Neonicotinoids are the most widely used class of insecticides globally. However, the link between farming practices and the extent of contamination of soils and crops by neonicotinoid insecticides, as well as and the extent of such contamination in organic fields and ecological focus areas (EFAs) are currently unclear. 2. We measured the concentrations of five neonicotinoid insecticides (imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, acetamiprid) in 702 soil and plant samples in 169 cultivated fields and EFAs from 62 conventional, integrated production and organic farms distributed over the entire lowland of Switzerland. 3. We detected neonicotinoids in 93% of organic soils and crops, and more than 80% of EFA soils and plants – two types of arable land supposedly free of insecticides. We also tested 16 samples of organic seeds, of which 14 were positive for neonicotinoids. 4. Finally, we calculated hazard quotients (HQs) and potentially affected fractions for 72 beneficial and 12 pest species. Under a field-realistic scenario, we found that between 5.3 and 8.6% of above-ground invertebrate species may be exposed to lethal concentrations of clothianidin, and 31.6 to 41.2% to sublethal concentrations, in "integrated production" and conventional fields. We also found that 1.3 to 6.8% (up to 12.5% based on HQs) of the beneficial invertebrate species may be exposed to sublethal concentrations of neonicotinoids in EFAs and organic fields. In contrast, no pest species would be exposed to lethal concentrations, even under a worst-case scenario. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that diffuse contamination by neonicotinoids may harm a significant fraction of non-target beneficial species. The use of neonicotinoids on crops may threaten biodiversity in refuge areas, while also potentially jeopardizing the practice of organic farming by impeding the biological control of pests. Based on our results, we call for a reduction in the dispersion and overuse of neonicotinoid insecticides in order to prevent any detrimental effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services associated with agroecosystems.
Data from: Low dose of neonicotinoid insecticide reduces foraging motivation of bumblebees
Widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, is often associated with diminishing populations of bees; this loss of pollinators presents a concern for food security and may cause unpredictable changes in ecological networks. However, little is known about the potential behavioral mechanisms behind the neonicotinoid-associated pollinator decline. We quantified the effects of low dose (1 ppb) imidacloprid exposure on the foraging behaviour of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). Individual bumblebees were released into a flight arena containing three patches of robotic flowers whose colour (yellow, orange, blue) indicated whether the flower delivered a reward (sugar solution). Exposure to imidacloprid had no significant effect on measures of bumblebee physical performance (such as flight speed) or learning (identifying rewarding flowers). However, pesticide treated bumblebees had reduced foraging motivation compared with the control bumblebees, as they visited fewer robotic flowers, were slower to start foraging and did not visit all three flower colours as often. Neonicotinoid concentrations of 1 ppb, often reported in plant nectar near agricultural lands, can thus affect the foraging behaviour of bumblebees. Even without a notable impact on flight performance and learning, a reduction in foraging motivation could explain the poor performance of colonies of bumblebees exposed to neonicotinoids.
Data for synergistic and antagonistic interactions between Varroa destructor mites and neonicotinoid insecticides in male Apis mellifera honey bees
<p>Pressures from multiple, sometimes interacting, stressors can have negative consequences to important ecosystem-service providing species like the western honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>). The introduced parasite <i>Varroa destructor</i> and the neonicotinoid class of insecticides each represent important, nearly ubiquitous biotic and abiotic stressors to honey bees, respectively. Previous research demonstrated that they can synergistically interact to negatively affect non-reproductive honey bee female workers, but no data exist on how concurrent exposure may affect reproductive honey bee males (drones). This is important, given that the health of reproductive females (queens), possibly because of poor mating, is frequently cited as a major driver of honey bee colony loss. To address this, known age cohorts of drones were obtained from 12 honey bee colonies – seven were exposed to field-relevant concentrations of two neonicotinoids (4.5 ppb thiamethoxam and 1.5 ppb clothianidin) during development via supplementary pollen patties; five colonies received patties not spiked with neonicotinoids. Artificially emerged drones were assessed for natural <i>V. destructor </i>infestation, weighed, and then allocated to the following treatment groups: 1. Control, 2. <i>V. destructor</i> only, 3. Neonicotinoid only, and 4. Combined (both mites and neonicotinoid). Adult drones were maintained in laboratory cages alongside attendant workers (1 drone : 2 worker ratio) until they have reached sexual maturity after 14 days so sperm concentration and viability could be assessed. The data that <i>V. destructor</i> and neonicotinoids interacted synergistically to negatively affect adult drone survival, but that they interacted antagonistically on emergence mass. Although sample sizes were too low to assess the effects of <i>V. destructor</i> and combined exposure on sperm quality, we observed no influence of neonicotinoids on sperm concentration or viability. Our findings highlight the diverse effects of concurrent exposure to stressors on honey bees, and suggest that <i>V. destructor </i>and neonicotinoids can severely effect the number of sexually mature adult drones available for mating.</p>
Data from: A nation-wide survey of neonicotinoid insecticides in agricultural land with implications for agri-environment schemes
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Data from: Neonicotinoid insecticides can serve as inadvertent insect contraceptives
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Data for synergistic and antagonistic interactions between Varroa destructor mites and neonicotinoid insecticides in male Apis mellifera honey bees
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Data from: General and species-specific impacts of a neonicotinoid insecticide on the ovary development and feeding of wild bumblebee queens
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Data from: Effects of neonicotinoid insecticide exposure and monofloral diet on nest-founding bumblebee queens
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