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Fig. 7 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 7. Optimization of ultrastructural characters (characters 6 to 8, and 11 to 13) of the spermatozoa on a pruned phylogenetic hypothesis for Leptodactylidae. See list of characters and bibliographic sources in Table 3. Colors correspond to: gray, ambiguity; blue, state 0; red, state 1.

Fig. 8 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 8. Taxonomic distribution and optimization of 11 selected ultrastructural characters of the spermatozoa on the phylogenetic hypothesis of Leptodactylus proposed by de S´a et al. (2014) and subsequent modifications (see materials and methods section). Numbers refer to characters described in Results section.

Fig. 6 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 6. Optimization of reproductive modes and ultrastructural characters (characters 1 to 5) of the spermatozoa on a pruned phylogenetic hypothesis for Leptodactylidae (see section "Optimization" in Materials and Methods). See list of characters and bibliographic sources in Tables 1 and 3 Colors correspond to: gray, ambiguity; blue, state 0; red, state 1; green, state 2; orange, state 3; black, state 4.

Fig. 4 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 4. Transmission electron microscopy of spermatozoa of species of the Leptodactylus melanonotus group. A: L. melanonotus. LS of the acrosomal vesicle and nuclei (n). Note the long and thick acrosomal vesicle (av) and the reduced sub-acrosomal space (ss). B: L. validus. TS showing acrosomal vesicle (ac) and nuclei (n) at different levels. Note the thickness of the acrosomal vesicle and of the acrosomal space. The conical shape of the nucleus is observed in the different cross-sections. C: L. podicipinus. LS of the acrosomal complex-nuclei (n), with the organelle-free cytoplasmic region (black arrowhead) present. D. L. wagneri. LS of the posterior region of the nucleus (n), showing the asymmetrical nuclear fossa (nf) and the transverse striations (ts). E: L.validus. LS of the posterior nuclear region. Note the symmetrical fossa with the proximal (pc) and distal (dc) centrioles. F: L. wagneri. TS of the axoneme (a) and paraxonemal rod (pr) separated from the mitochondrial collar (mc) by the cytoplasmic canal (cc). G-H: L. wagneri, L. melanonotus. TSs of the tail showing the axoneme (a) associated to the juxtaxonemal fiber (jf), and the axial fiber (af) attached to the other components of the tail by the undulating membrane (o). I: L. leptodactyloides. Terminal region of the tail where the axoneme (a) is the only element of the tail. Scales bars: C, D, H, I = 0.5 µm; A, E-G = 0.2 µm; B = 1 µm.

Fig. 1. A-B in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny

Fig. 1. A-B: Schematic reconstruction of the morphology of the two types of spermatozoa observed in the genus Leptodactylus. Note that the main difference between the two morpho-types is the presence of the organelle-free cytoplasmic region between the acrosomal vesicle and the other end of the nucleus. Dashed lines indicate the cross-section represented on the right-hand side of the image.

Supplementary material 1 from: Estupiñán RA, Ferrari SF, Gonçalves EC, Barbosa MSR, Vallinoto M, Schneider MPC (2016) Evaluating the diversity of Neotropical anurans using DNA barcodes. ZooKeys 637: 89-106. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.637.8637

Data on the specimens examined in the present study : Explanation note: Please note that some of the sequences used in the study are incompletely referenced in the GenBank barcode database because they lack some data and we are unable to rectify this because the samples were collected too long ago (1980s or before) for the missing data to be found.

Figure 6 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod

Figure 6. Similarity of calling season for males of 18 anuran species recorded between August 2005 and July 2006. The rectangles indicate groups with overlap greater than 70%. r5cophenetic correlation coefficient. Group I: species that called mainly during spring and summer; group II: species that called only during summer; group III: species that called during spring; group IV: species that called throughout the year, except in summer. Species abbreviations follow Figure 3.

Figure 5 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod

Figure 5. Scatter diagrams representing the correlation of the photoperiod with richness (A) and with abundance (B) of anurans in calling activities (rs50.70 and P50.01; rs50.73 and P,0.01, respectively) between August 2005 and July 2006.

Figure 4 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod

Figure 4. Rose diagram of circular analysis of richness (A) and abundance (B) of calling males of 18 anuran species in calling activity between August 2005 and July 2006 in the municipality of Itaara, southern Brazil. The angles represent the months. The length of the mean vector (r) is a measure of concentration of data around the year.

Figure 3 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod

Figure 3. Similarity of habitat use for males of 18 anuran species recorded in three sites in the municipality of Itaara, southern Brazil. The rectangles indicate groups with overlap up to 90%. r5cophenetic correlation coefficient. Group I: species in permanent ponds; group II: species in permanent ponds and neighbouring swampy regions; group III: species in permanent ponds and dam backwater; group IV: species in permanent ponds, open dam and dam backwater; group V: species in permanent and temporary ponds; group VI: species in permanent and temporary ponds and dam backwater. Species: Aplastodiscus perviridis (Ape), Chaunus achavali (Cac), Dendropsophus minutus (Dmi), D. sanborni (Dsa), Elachistocleis bicolor (Ebi), Hypsiboas faber (Hfa), Hypsiboas pulchellus (Hpu), Leptodactylus fuscus (Lfu), L. gracilis (Lgr), L. ocellatus (Loc), Limnomedusa macroglossa (Lma), Physalaemus cf. gracilis (Pgr), P. cuvieri (Pcu), Pseudis minuta (Pmi), Pseudopaludicola falcipes (Pfa), Scinax fuscovarius (Sfu), S. granulatus (Sgr), S. squalirostris (Ssq).

Figure 1 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod

Figure 1. Monthly rainfall and maximum and minimum mean air temperatures throughout the period of study, August 2005–July 2006.

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Figure 1 from: Estupiñán RA, Ferrari SF, Gonçalves EC, Barbosa MSR, Vallinoto M, Schneider MPC (2016) Evaluating the diversity of Neotropical anurans using DNA barcodes. ZooKeys 637: 89-106. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.637.8637

Figure 1 - The BX044 priority area for conservation showing the sites at which anuran specimens were collected.

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Figure 2 from: Estupiñán RA, Ferrari SF, Gonçalves EC, Barbosa MSR, Vallinoto M, Schneider MPC (2016) Evaluating the diversity of Neotropical anurans using DNA barcodes. ZooKeys 637: 89-106. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.637.8637

Figure 2 - Transition (s) and transversions (v) plotted against the sequence divergence (Kimura 2-parameter distances) for the analyzed anurans.

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Figure 4 from: Estupiñán RA, Ferrari SF, Gonçalves EC, Barbosa MSR, Vallinoto M, Schneider MPC (2016) Evaluating the diversity of Neotropical anurans using DNA barcodes. ZooKeys 637: 89-106. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.637.8637

Figure 4 - Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree derived from the analysis of COI sequences. The numbers at the nodes represent the percentage bootstrap values.

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Figure 3 from: Estupiñán RA, Ferrari SF, Gonçalves EC, Barbosa MSR, Vallinoto M, Schneider MPC (2016) Evaluating the diversity of Neotropical anurans using DNA barcodes. ZooKeys 637: 89-106. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.637.8637

Figure 3 - COI sequence divergence (K2P) at various levels of the taxonomic hierarchy for anurans.

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Figure 2 in An austral anuran assemblage in the Neotropics: seasonal occurrence correlated with photoperiod

Figure 2. Collector's curve for anuran species recorded between August 2005 and July 2006 in the municipality of Itaara, southern Brazil. The central points represent the mean curve and the vertical bars represent their respective range (confidence interval of 95%).