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Figs. 20, 21 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Figs. 20, 21. Daily activity of individuals of Canephorula apiformis and Melectoides bellus at food plants during 1993–1994 and 1996–1997, in the Valley of ZondaUllum, San Juan Province, Argentina. 20. Canephorula apiformis. 21. Melectoides bellus.

Fig. 5 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Fig. 5. Cell of Canephorula apiformis and provisions, with enlarged section of cell wall. Scale = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 1 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Fig. 1. Position (arrows) of Valley of ZondaUllum and Valley of Iglesia, San Juan Province, Argentina.

Fig. 12 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Fig. 12. (Above) SEM micrograph of part of the domelike closure end of cocoon of Melectoides bellus, showing coarse silk fibers on external surface. Periphery of closure end toward bottom of micrograph.

Fig. 10 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Fig. 10. (Above) SEM micrograph of filter of the cocoon of Canephorula apiformis, as seen from inside the cocoon. Upper part of filter cut away.

Figs. 6–9 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Figs. 6–9. Diagrams of cocoon of Canephorula apiformis. 6. Entire cocoon showing external shape, side view, with upper right side cut away to show internal structure. 7. Cross section of the upper end enlarged, showing inner structure, and greatly enlarged section of cocoon wall demonstrating layers of silk and feces. 8. Upper end with outer silk layer removed to show radiating ridges of leathery layer. 9. Diagram of cocoon of Melectoides bellus, side view, showing external shape, upper right side cut away. Scale (= 5.0 mm) refers to figs. 6, 8, and 9.

Fig. 17 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Fig. 17. Frequency of individuals of Canephorula apiformis and Melectoides bellus on flowers during the months of activity in the Valley of ZondaUllum, San Juan Province, Argentina.

Figs. 29–34 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Figs. 29–34. Postdefecating larva of Melectoides bellus. 29. Entire larva, lateral view. 30. Head, lateral view. 31. Head, frontal view, pigmentation on left, sensilla and spicules on right. 32, 33. Right mandible, dorsal and inner views. 34. Spiracle, side view. Scale (= 1.0 mm) refers to fig. 29.

Figs. 22–28 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Figs. 22–28. Postdefecating larva of Canephorula apiformis. 22. Entire larva, lateral view. 23. Head, lateral view. 24. Head, frontal view, pigmentation on left, sensilla and spicules on right. 25–27. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views. 28. Spiracle, side view. Scale (= 1.0 mm) refers to fig. 22.

Figs. 2, 3 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Figs. 2, 3. Nest sites of Canephorula apiformis in the Valley of ZondaUllum, San Juan Province, Argentina. 2. (Above) nests located in left side of picture. 3. (Below) nests at the margin of the road (arrows).

Fig. 16 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Fig. 16. (Below) SEM micrograph of front end of cocoon of Isepeolus viperinus, showing coarse outer silk layer, finer intermediate silk layers, and very fine innermost silk layer with fenestrations at closure.

Figs. 18, 19. 18 in Biology of the Bee Canephorula apiformis and Its Cleptoparasite Melectoides bellus: Nesting Habits, Floral Preferences, and Mature Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Figs. 18, 19. 18. Above, blooming periods of plant species visited by Canephorula apiformis and Melectoides bellus, years 1993–1994 and 1996–1997, in the Valley of ZondaUllum, San Juan Province, Argentina. Below, frequency of C. apiformis collected on different floral species during the months of activity. 19. Frequency of individuals of Melectoides bellus collected on different floral species identified in fig. 18 during the months of activity.

Figs. 32–36 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 32–36. Diagram of fifth larval instar of Osmia avosetta. 32. Entire larva, lateral view; rectangle identifies approximate area on abdominal segment 8 pictured in fig. 41. 33, 34. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively; ptp 5 position of posterior tentorial pit. 35, 36. Right mandible, dorsal and outer views, respectively.

Fig. 22 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 22. Two brood cells of Osmia (Tergosmia) rhodoensis in rock cavity; overlying stone removed to make cells visible (Jordan, Jerash, 23.4.2007; photo C. Sedivy). Figures 23, 24. Brood cells of O. (T.) tergestensis in cavities between stones; in both cases, overlying stone removed to make the cell visible. Petals used for brood cell construction were from Geranium and Helianthemum (fig. 23) and Geranium only (fig. 24) (Switzerland, Zeneggen, 10.7.1990; Photos A. Müller).

Figs. 30, 31 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 30, 31. Diagrams of eggs of Osmia avosetta and of parasite thought to be Sapyga pulcherrima, lateral views, respectively, to same scale; anterior ends at right.

Figs. 6–9 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 6–9. Nesting of Osmia avosetta at 10 km northeast of Sepidan, Yasouj region, Iran. 6. The site. 7. Pollen plant, Hedysarum elymaiticum. 8, 9. Two brood cells. (Photos C. Sedivy).

Fig. 1 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 1. Nesting site of Osmia avosetta in Seklik Mevkii, Turkey, to the left of observers in fore- and midground; note pinkish-red flowers of pollen plant, Onobrychis viciifolia. Figures 2, 3. Closed brood cells of O. avosetta, side views, showing shape and variation in coloration of outer envelopes. Figure 4. Open cell of same, side view. Figure 5. Closed cell of same containing intermediate stage larva. (Photos J.G. Rozen.)

Fig. 27 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 27. Open brood cell of Osmia lunata in a short cavity excavated in rather hard ground; twig concealing nest entrance removed to make cell opening visible. Figure 28. Flower of Helianthemum sp. with one petal bitten off by female of O. (T.) lunata (Morocco, Tafraoute, 20.4.2009; photo A. Müller). Figure 29. Nest of O. (T.) lunata consisting of 10 brood cells at base of small shrub. Uppermost part of cell still under construction (top right) was the only visible sign of nest before excavation; the nine already closed cells were all hidden under thin layer of soil (Morocco, Tafraoute, 20.4.2009; photos A. Müller).

Fig. 25 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Fig. 25. Four closed brood cells and one cell still being provisioned of Osmia (Tergosmia) tergestensis between blades of dense grass tussock; grass blades removed to make cells visible (Italy, Gimillan (Aosta), 15.7.1996; photo A. Müller). Figure 26. Female of O. (T.) tergestensis biting off petal from flower of Geranium pyrenaicum Burm. fil. Petal is tightly folded before being transported to nest. On each visit, female removed one petal (Italy, Gimillan (Aosta), 15.7.1996; photo A. Krebs).

Figs. 41–44 in Nests, Petal Usage, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of Osmia (Ozbekosmia) avosetta (Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Osmiini), Including Biological Comparisons with Other Osmiine Bees

Figs. 41–44. Microphotographs of fifth larval instar of Osmia avosetta. 41. Setae of pleural swelling, left side of abdominal segment 8, as identified by rectangle in figure 32. 42. Spiracle showing narrow peritreme relative to large atrial opening and wrinkled atrial wall. 43, 44. Short and long subatria, respectively. (Photos J.G. Rozen).