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opencc-by-4.0Feb 2015View details →

Figure 1 in Observations on the nesting behaviour of the spider wasp Eragenia congrua (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), with the first record of the host

Figure 1. (A) Jacaranda tree (Jacaranda copaia) with the nests of Eragenia congrua; (B) detail of the bark of Jacaranda tree with three closed old nests of E. congrua indicated by arrows. (C, D) Females of E. congrua on the bark of a Jacaranda tree.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2015View details →

Figure 4 in Observations on the nesting behaviour of the spider wasp Eragenia congrua (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), with the first record of the host

Figure 4. (A) Female of Eragenia congrua with bent gaster and curved wing tip; (B) mandible of a female of E. congrua; (C) terminal portion of metasoma of a female of E. congrua; (D) detail of the bristles in the terminal portion of metasoma of a female of E. congrua.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2009View details →

Figs 1-4 in Nesting behaviour, male territoriality and larval development of Eremnophila binodis (F ) from Brazil (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Figs 1-4: Laval development of a female Eremnophila binodis consuming a caterpillar. 1 Newly emerged larva; 2 larva immobile feeding the prey probably by sucking; 3 larva in the fourth day of development consuming externally the prey; 4 full-grown larva, the head capsule was the only portion of the prey that was not consumed.

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Raspberry Pi nest cameras – an affordable tool for remote behavioural and conservation monitoring of bird nests

1. Bespoke (custom-built) Raspberry Pi cameras are increasingly popular research tools in the fields of behavioural ecology and conservation, because of their comparative flexibility in programmable settings, ability to be paired with other sensors, and because they are typically cheaper than commercially built models. 2. Here we describe a novel, Raspberry Pi-based camera system that is fully portable and yet weatherproof – especially to humidity and salt spray. The camera was paired with a passive infra-red sensor, to create a movement-triggered camera capable of recording videos over a 24-hr period. We describe an example deployment involving "retro-fitting" these cameras into artificial nest boxes on Praia Islet, Azores archipelago, Portugal, to monitor the behaviours and interspecific interactions of two sympatric species of breeding storm-petrel (Monteiro's storm-petrel Hydrobates monteiroi and Madeiran storm-petrel Hydrobates castro) during their chick-rearing periods. 3. Of the 138 deployments, 70% of all deployments were deemed to be "Successful" (Successful was defined as continuous footage being recorded for more than one hour without an interruption), which equated to 87% of the individual 30 s videos. The bespoke cameras proved to be easily portable between 54 different nests and reasonably weatherproof (~14% of deployments classed as "Partial" or "Failure" deployments were specifically due to the weather/humidity), and we make further trouble-shooting suggestions to mitigate additional weather-related failures. 4. Here we have shown that this system is fully portable and capable of coping with salt spray and humidity, and consequently the camera-build methods and scripts could be applied easily to many different species that also utilise cavities, burrows, and artificial nests, and can potentially be adapted for other wildlife monitoring situations to provide novel insights into species-specific daily cycles of behaviours and interspecies interactions.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Figure 9 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 9. Map of the topography of our study area showing home ranges of five pairs of colour-banded Black-crowned Pittas Erythropitta ussheri observed in 2013. Coloured shapes represent the 95th percentile of a kernel density of sightings of each pair. Colours represent different pairs' territories. The location of a nest is marked by a yellow point. The map demonstrates the approximate number and size of Black-crowned Pitta home ranges, including apparent overlap between two pairs' home ranges. Kernel densities were calculated in R using the function kde2d with default bandwidth. We had only four sightings at one territory (maroon points near the upper left corner) and display points rather than kernel density. Grey lines represent trails, the brown line a pipeline, and the blue line the Tawau River. 3D map courtesy of JAXA (2015).

Figure 5 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 5. Banded Broadbill Eurylaimus javanicus nest during late construction, with an adult exiting at the lower left (© Kayleigh Chalkowski). Inset: close-up of the nest chamber after the nest was abandoned and collected, showing lining material (Eric R. Gulson-Castillo).

Figure 3 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 3. Black-and-yellow Broadbill Eurylaimus ochromalus nest, 2013 (Eric R. Gulson-Castillo). Inset: Black-and-yellow Broadbill holding a green object just before bringing it to its nest, from video ML 471552 (© Brian Magnier)

Figure 1 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 1. Map of the topography of our study area showing sightings of Black-and-yellow Eurylaimus ochromalus (blue) and Banded Broadbills E. javanicus (maroon) from both visits. Each point represents a sighting. Variation in point size and shape is an artefact of 3D plotting. This map demonstrates that Banded Broadbills occurred at a much-reduced density in the study area compared to Black-and-yellow Broadbills. Grey lines represent trails, the brown line represents a water pipeline, and the blue line represents the Tawau River. 3D map courtesy of JAXA (2015).

Figure 8 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 8. Graphical summary of nest visitation by Dusky Broadbills Corydon sumatranus during the early nestbuilding period. X axis = time of day. The thin blue line represents a continuous nest watch, the thicker lines visits by broadbills. The colour of each visit alternates to illustrate visits with short intervening breaks, which would otherwise appear to blend into a single line; colour does not represent sex or individual. Red line represents disturbance. We watched the nest until 18:00 h, but no birds visited after 14:21 h.

Figure 4 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 4. Graphical summary of nest visitation by Black-and-yellow Broadbills Eurylaimus ochromalus during incubation at one nest in 2013. Y axis = day (where day 68 = 9 March) and x axis = time of day. Thin blue lines represent time periods during which nest watches occurred, thicker lines represent visits by broadbills. Colour of thicker lines represents sex: pink = female, blue = male, dark grey = unsexed. Individuals could not always be sexed due to the angle that they approached the nest; these three colours probably represent just two individuals. When visit breaks are too short to be visible, they are marked with a small green line.

Figure 11 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 11. Map of the topography of our study area showing sightings of four species of pittas during the 2012 field work: Black-crowned Pitta Erythropitta ussheri (purple), Blue-headed Pitta Hydrornis baudii (blue), Bornean Banded Pitta H. schwaneri (yellow) and Blue-banded Pitta Erythropitta arquata (red). Each point represents a sighting. Variation in point size and shape is an artefact of 3D plotting. The map demonstrates that the areas occupied by each species overlapped considerably, especially on the ridge in the centre, where all four species occurred in close proximity. Black-crowned Pitta was seen more commonly in low swampy areas, whereas the other three species occurred mainly on this ridge and its slopes. A fifth species, Hooded Pitta Pitta sordida, was heard infrequently and seen just once, a juvenile, at the green point. Grey lines represent trails, the brown line a water pipeline, and the blue line the Tawau River. 3D map courtesy of JAXA (2015).

Figure 6 in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 6. Graphical summary of nest visitation by Banded Broadbills Eurylaimus javanicus during nest construction. Y axis = day (day 70 = 11 March) and x axis = time of day. Thin blue lines represent time periods during which nest watches occurred, thicker lines visits by broadbills. The colour of each visit alternates to highlight visits with short intervening breaks, which would otherwise appear to blend into a single line; colour does not represent sex or individual.

Figure 12. Two frames from a in Notes on nesting, territoriality and behaviour of broadbills (Eurylaimidae, Calyptomenidae) and pitas (Pitidae) in Tawau Hills Park, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

Figure 12. Two frames from a video of an immature male Blue-headed Pitta Hydrornis baudii (top) showing a white throat, patches of blue in the underparts, and reddish wing-coverts, with an adult female Blue-headed Pitta (bottom). Frames from video ML 479513 (Justin Hite)

Fig. 6. A–F in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 6. A–F, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016, third instar larva, abdominal terminal disk imaged by SEM. A, terminal disk, apical view; B, margin of left dorsal plate; C, sensilla S–II on margin of left dorsal plate; D, sensilla S–I on apex of left dorsal plate; E, sensilla S–I on medial part of left dorsal plate; F, lateral close-up of a sensillum S–I showing the multilobed crown of radial spines and spinulate surface of the plate. Scale bars = 500 μm [A]; 200 μm [B, E]; 50 μm [C, D]; 10 μm [F].

Fig. 5. A–F in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 5. A–F, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016, third instar larva, details of thorax and abdomen imaged by SEM. A, left legs, ventrolateral view; B, apex of left prothoracic leg, anteroventral view; C, left lateral side of metanotum, showing different types of microsculpture, elongate and spiniform in membranous areas and smooth or slightly corrugated in more sclerotised areas; D, mesothoracic sternum; E, left abdominal spiracle II; F, setipherous socket on abdominal tergal side, showing a remnant of tergite III. Scale bars = 500 μm [A]; 100 μm [B, D]; 50 μm [C]; 40 μm [E]; 10 μm [F].

Fig. 4. A–G in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 4. A–G, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016, third instar larva, details of head capsule imaged by SEM. A, left mandible, dorsal view; B, maxillae, prementum and left mandible, ventral view; C, left antenna, left lateral view; D, right mandible, mesodorsal view; E, right mandible ental surface; F, maxillary palp and galea of right maxilla, dorsal view; G, labial palps, dorsal view. Scale bars = 200 μm [A, B]; 100 μm [C, D, E]; 50 μm [F, G].

Fig. 3. A–E in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 3. A–E, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016, third instar larva. A, head, dorsal view; B, head, right lateral view; C, head, ventral view; D, terminal disk, apical view; E, terminal disk, right lateral view. Scale bars = 500 μm.

Fig. 1. A–D in Larval juice anyone? The unusual behaviour and morphology of an ant nest beetle larva (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Paussini) from Thailand

Fig. 1. A–D, Paussus siamensis Maruyama, 2016. A, environment where the third instar larva was found, together with 9 adults, inside a Pheidole plagiaria nest built inside an abandoned termite mound (Macrotermes sp.); B, adult, dorsal view; C, third instar larva, right lateral view; D, third instar larva interacting with a worker of Pheidole plagiaria (note the drops of clear liquid sucked by the host ant).

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Fig. 1. A in Predation behaviour of the bridle snake (Lycodon cf. davisonii) on Asian tropical evergreen forest bird nests

Fig. 1. A photograph of a bridle snake (Lycodon cf. davisonii) having just consumed a bird's egg on 27 June 2019 at 2358 at the Sakaerat Environmental Research Station, north-eastern Thailand (photo by J. Goodyear).