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22 results for “nestling growth”
Can diet composition estimates using stable isotope analysis of feathers predict growth and condition in nestling mountain bluebirds (Sialia currucoides)
<p>Insectivorous birds breeding in seasonal environments provision their dependent young during periods when prey diversity and abundance vary. Consequently, the composition and nutritional value of diets parents feed to their offspring may differ within and among broods, potentially affecting the condition of nestlings. In a population of mountain bluebirds (<i>Sialia currucoides</i>), we used two methods to estimate diet composition for individual nestlings: direct observation of provisioning using video recordings at 5 and 9 days post-hatch, and stable isotopes of the δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N in nestling feathers and prey followed by analysis with mixing models. We determined the macronutrient content (% fat and lean mass) and estimated the metabolized energy from each type of prey. We evaluated whether different methods of estimating diet composition would produce similar results, and if the types of prey nestlings ate at one or both ages affected their morphology, growth rates, or blood ketone concentration. We found that bluebirds fed their young 5 main types of prey: beetles, cicadas, grasshoppers, insect larvae, and spiders. Both observational and mixing model estimates of diet composition indicated that larvae are traded-off with grasshoppers, and that fewer larvae are provided to nestlings as the season progresses. In evaluating how diet influences individual growth and condition, estimates from direct observations had greater explanatory power than those from mixing models, indicating that diets rich in the most energy-dense prey (greatest fat content; cicadas and larvae) were associated with larger size and higher body condition, and faster rate of mass gain and growth of tarsus. Lower value prey had more limited, specific effects on nestlings, but may still be important dietary components. While isotopic methods produced estimates of diet composition that were generally informative, when applied to explain the growth and condition of nestlings they proved less useful. </p>
Рис. 8. Рост и развитие птенцов: a — изменение массы; b — рост частей теΛа; c — рост перьев Fig. 8. Growth and development of nestlings: a — weight change; b — growth of body parts; c — feather growth in in the Ussuri region
Рис. 8. Рост и развитие птенцов: a — изменение массы; b — рост частей теΛа; c — рост перьев Fig. 8. Growth and development of nestlings: a — weight change; b — growth of body parts; c — feather growth
Can diet composition estimates using stable isotope analysis of feathers predict growth and condition in nestling mountain bluebirds (Sialia currucoides)
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Dependence of the azure-winged magpie on nest spatial cues in offspring recognition decreases with nestling growth
<p>Various cues have been identified as the basis for animals' discrimination between kin and non-kin. In altricial birds, these cues show temporal and spatial variations, implying that kin recognition might be condition-dependent. In this study, we hypothesize that parents might be sensitive to the changes in nest spatial position, and that their dependence on the nest spatial cue in offspring recognition decreases with offspring growth. We tested this hypothesis in a Tibetan population of the azure-winged magpie, <i>Cyanopica cyanus</i>, by designing a nest translocation experiment. We found that adults could return to their nest and continue caring for their offspring even if the nest had been moved to a new position. Their sensitivity to the spatial change in nest position not only varied with distance but also relied on the offspring life-history stage. Breeders were more likely to recognize their nest and offspring during the nestling period than during the incubation period, indicating that the dependence of parents on the spatial cue of the nest is higher when offspring are in the form of eggs than in the form of nestlings. Our findings suggest that azure-winged magpies mainly depend on the spatial position of the nest to recognize their nest and offspring. After nestlings establish communication with their parents, their phenotypic characteristics may replace the nests' spatial cue to play a greater role in the offspring recognition of parents.</p>
Data from: Are brood sex ratios adaptive? The effect of experimentally altered brood sex ratio on nestling growth, mortality, and recruitment
<p><span>Brood sex ratios (BSRs) have often been found to be non-random in respect of parental and environmental quality, and many hypotheses suggest that non-random sex ratios can be adaptive. To specifically test the adaptive value of biased BSRs, it is crucial to disentangle the consequences of BSR and maternal effects. In multiparous species, this requires cross-fostering experiments where foster parents rear offspring originating from multiple broods, and where the interactive effect of original and manipulated BSR on fitness components are tested. To our knowledge, our study on collared flycatchers (<em>Ficedula albicollis</em>) is the first that meets these requirements. In this species, where BSRs had previously been shown to be related to parental characteristics, we altered the original BSR of the parents shortly after hatching by cross-fostering nestlings among trios of broods, and examined the effects on growth, mortality, and recruitment of the nestlings. We found that original and experimental BSR, as well as the interaction of the two were unrelated to the fitness components considered. Nestling growth was related only to background variables, namely brood size and hatching rank. Nestling mortality was related only to hatching asynchrony. Our results therefore do not support that the observed BSRs are adaptive in our study population. However, we cannot exclude the possibility of direct effects of experimentally altered BSRs on parental fitness, which should be evaluated in the future. In addition, studies similar to ours are required on various species to get a clearer picture of the adaptive value of non-random BSRs.</span></p>
Nestling growth rate and food consumption increases under experimentally prolonged day length in a New World Sparrow
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>When evaluating avian reproduction, life history theory examines the trade-offs between parental effort, the number and size of offspring, and the rate of nestling development. The growth rates and body sizes of developing birds vary geographically and can diverge with both latitude and migratory strategies. In terms of offspring size, growth rate can deviate in nestlings of the same or similar species due to </span><span>the </span><span>correlated influences </span><span>of</span><span> weather events, predation pressure, food availability, number of nestmates, and parental provisioning. Furthermore, a longer photoperiod for species nesting at higher latitudes increases the duration over which a nestling </span><span>can be </span><span>fed each day, and increased </span><span>nestling provisioning</span><span> has been positively correlated with growth rate. Whether </span><span>the amount of time in which </span><span>a bird is</span><span> fed during development</span><span> drives this variation in growth rate and morphology is unknown. By removing supplemental environmental stressors (e.g., food availability, weather, predation pressure) and standardizing feeding rate and environment, we explored the influence of </span><span>daily duration of nestling provisioning </span><span>on </span><span>dark-eyed junco (<em>Junco hyemalis</em>) nestlings. We hand-reared 65</span><span> chicks of a sedentary junco subspecies (<em>J. h. carolinensis) </em>under both their natural photoperiod and </span><span>the longer photoperiod </span><span>of a closely related migratory subspecies (<em>J. h. hyemalis</em>) and compared growth rate, mass, morphology, and the amount of food consumed. Average growth rate, fasted mass, </span><span>wing length</span><span>, and total daily food consumption were all greater in birds hand-reared under the </span><span>longer, </span><span>more northern photoperiod treatment. These findings suggest that increased daily photoperiod at higher latitudes may allow for greater total food provisioning and thus may play a role in the ability of parents in compressed breeding seasons to produce high-quality offspring. </span><span>T</span><span>his points to a trade-off between provisioning effort and nestling growth rate in lower latitude (shorter photoperiod) populations and</span><span> points to an important role of developmental plasticity on growth rate and morphology. </span></p>
Data for: Cool, dry nights and short heatwaves during growth result in longer telomeres in temperate songbird nestlings
<p>Exposure to rising sublethal temperatures can affect development and somatic condition, and thereby Darwinian fitness. In the context of climate warming, these changes could have implications for population viability, but they can be subtle and consequently difficult to quantify. Using telomere length (TL) as a known biomarker of somatic condition in early life, we investigated the impact of pre-hatching and nestling climate on six cohorts of wild nestling superb fairy-wrens (<em>Malurus cyaneus</em>) in temperate south-eastern Australia. Models incorporating only climate information from the nestling phase were best supported compared to those including the (pre-)laying to incubation phase (previously shown to affect mass) or both phases combined. This implies that nestling TL is most sensitive to ambient climate in the nestling phase. The top model showed a negative relationship between early-life TL and nestling mean daily minimum temperature when rainfall was low which gradually became positive with increasing rainfall. In addition, there was a positive relationship between TL and the frequency of hot days (daily maximum temperature ≥ 35°C), although these temperatures were rare and short-term. Including other pre-hatching and nestling period climate variables (e.g., mean daily maximum temperature and mean diurnal temperature variability) did not improve the prediction of nestling TL. Overall, our results suggest that cooler nights when conditions are dry, and short-term temperature spikes above 35°C during development are conducive for somatic maintenance. While these findings indicate a potential pathway for climate warming to impact wildlife fitness, they emphasise the need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these complex associations.</p>
Data from: Are brood sex ratios adaptive? The effect of experimentally altered brood sex ratio on nestling growth, mortality, and recruitment
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Data for: Cool, dry nights and short heatwaves during growth result in longer telomeres in temperate songbird nestlings
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Nestling growth rate and food consumption increases under experimentally prolonged day length in a New World Sparrow
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Data from: Nestling growth and brood reduction in the southern yellow-billed hornbill (<em>Tockus leucomelas</em>)
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Data from: Context-dependent effects of yolk androgens on nestling growth and immune function in a multibrooded passerine
Female birds may adjust their offspring phenotype to the specific requirements of the environment by differential allocation of physiologically active substances into yolks, such as androgens. Yolk androgens have been shown to accelerate embryonic development, growth rate and competitive ability of nestlings, but they can also entail immunological costs. The balance between costs and benefits of androgen allocation is expected to depend on nestling environment. We tested this hypothesis in a multibrooded passerine, the spotless starling, Sturnus unicolor. We experimentally manipulated yolk androgen levels using a between-brood design and evaluated its effects on nestling development, survival and immune function. Both in first and replacement broods, the embryonic development period was shorter for androgen-treated chicks than controls, but there were no differences in second broods. In replacement broods, androgen-treated chicks were heavier and larger than those hatched from control eggs, but this effect was not observed in the other breeding attempts. Androgen exposure reduced survival with respect to controls only in second broods. Regarding immune function, we detected nonsignificant trends for androgen treatment to activate two important components of innate and adaptive immunity (IL-6 and Ig-A levels, respectively). Similarly, androgen-treated chicks showed greater lymphocyte proliferation than controls in the first brood and an opposite trend in the second brood. Our results indicate that yolk androgen effects on nestling development and immunity depend on the environmental conditions of each breeding attempt. Variation in maternal androgen allocation to eggs could be explained as the result of context-dependent optimal strategies to maximize offspring fitness.
Data from: Context-dependent effects of yolk androgens on nestling growth and immune function in a multibrooded passerine
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Data from: Incubation temperature affects growth and energy metabolism in blue tit nestlings
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Data from: Causal link between insulin-like growth factor 1 and growth in nestlings of a wild passerine bird
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Data from: Pre- and post-natal effects of experimentally manipulated maternal corticosterone on growth, stress reactivity, and survival of nestling house wrens
1. Corticosterone plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis, promoting energy acquisition, and regulating the stress response in birds. Exposure to elevated levels of corticosterone during development can profoundly alter offspring behaviour and physiology, but the effects of elevated maternal corticosterone on offspring development remain poorly understood. 2. We tested two competing hypotheses concerning the effect of maternally derived corticosterone on growth and development of free-living house wrens: i) elevated maternal corticosterone causes damaging effects on nestling phenotype and fitness (collateral damage hypothesis) and (ii) increased maternal corticosterone enhances offspring fitness by preparing nestlings for the environment experienced by their mother (environmental/maternal-matching hypothesis). 3. We used a non-invasive means to increase maternal corticosterone by providing females with corticosterone-injected mealworms prior to and during egg production in the absence of any overt pre-natal maternal stress. To disentangle pre- and post-natal effects of this elevation in maternal corticosterone, we cross-fostered young in two experiments: i) nestlings of control and experimental females were reared by unmanipulated, natural females in a uniform maternal environment; ii) a split-brood design that enabled us to assess the interaction between the mother's corticosterone treatment and that of the nestlings. 4. There were significant pre-natal effects of increased maternal corticosterone on nestling growth and survival. Offspring of females experiencing experimentally increased corticosterone were heavier and larger than offspring of control females. There also was a significant interaction between maternal corticosterone treatment and the corticosterone treatment to which young were exposed within the egg in their effect on nestling survival while in the nest; experimental young exhibited greater survival than control young, but only when reared by control mothers. There was also a significant effect of maternal corticosterone treatment on nestling stress reactivity and, in both experiments, on the eventual recruitment of offspring as breeding adults in the local population. 5. These patterns are broadly consistent with the environmental/maternal-matching hypothesis, and highlight the importance of disentangling pre- and post-natal effects of manipulations of maternal hormone levels on offspring phenotype.
Data from: Eggshell spotting pattern is related to hatching asynchrony, hematocrit value and growth of nestling great tits (Parus major)
Eggshell pigmentation may signal the quality of the egg, that of the female and the environment, and thus nestling development may be related to this egg trait. However, so far, few studies have investigated the relationship between eggshell pigmentation and nestling development. Our aim was to study in a partial cross-fostering experiment whether the protoporphyrin-based eggshell pigmentation (spot intensity and spot distribution) showed any significant associations with several traits related to the development of nestling great tits (Parus major). We found that nestlings from clutches with darker spotted eggshells hatched more synchronously, had higher hematocrit value and shorter wings. Females under adverse environmental circumstances were previously shown to lay darker-spotted eggs, and these females probably delayed the start of incubation due to energetic constraints, resulting in a more synchronous hatching. The shorter wings of fledglings originating from clutches with darker-spotted eggs may be caused by the lower general quality of their mothers, mediated through either genetic factors or early maternal effects. Darker spotted eggs may contain different levels of some biomolecules than paler spotted eggs, which could have an effect on nestling metabolism and activity, resulting in an elevated hematocrit value. More aggregated eggshell spotting was related to faster bone growth and slightly longer fledging tarsus length. Eggs with aggregated spotting may have thinner eggshells that could lead to hatchlings with smaller bones due to the lower availability of calcium during development. Neslings may increase bone growth rate to compensate for their smaller initial size. Overall, our results indirectly suggest lower fitness for nestlings hatched from darker spotted eggs and for nestlings hatched from eggs with more aggregated spotting distribution due to the possible long-term costs of synchronous hatching, shorter wings, and accelerated tarsus growth rate.
Great tit (Parus major) nestlings have longer telomeres in old-growth forests than in young forests
<p>Modification and deterioration of old-growth forests by industrial forestry have seriously threatened species diversity worldwide. The loss of natural habitats increases the concentration of circulating glucocorticoids and incurs chronic stress in animals, influencing the immune system, growth, survival, and lifespan of animals inhabiting such areas. In this study, we tested whether great tit (Parus major) nestlings grown in old-growth unmanaged coniferous forests have longer telomeres than great tit nestlings developing in young managed coniferous forests. This study showed that the patches of young managed coniferous forests had lower larval biomass than old-growth forests. Since insect larvae are the preferred food for great tit nestlings, the shortage of food may divert energy resources away from growth, which can show up as physiological stress, often raising the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. The H/L ratio revealed a significant difference in stress levels, being the highest in great tit nestlings developing in young-managed pine forests. We also found that the development of great tit nestlings in young managed forests had significantly shorter telomeres than in old-growth forests. Although nestling survival did not differ between the habitats, nestlings growing up in old-growth forests had greater telomere lengths, which can positively affect their lifespan. Our results suggest that the forest habitats affected by industrial forestry may represent ecological traps as the development of young birds in deteriorated environments can affect the age structure of populations.</p>
Data from: Pre- and post-natal effects of experimentally manipulated maternal corticosterone on growth, stress reactivity, and survival of nestling house wrens
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Data from: Experimentally increased nest temperature affects body temperature, growth and apparent survival in blue tit nestlings
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