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Figs 86–109 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 86–109. Psammothidium superpapilio Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 86–95. LM views of rapheless valves. 96–105. LM views of raphe valves. 106. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 107. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. 108. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 109. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm.

Figs 58–85 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 58–85. Psammothidium confusoneglectum Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 58–70. LM views of raphe valves. 71–82. LM views of rapheless valves. 83. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 84. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 85. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm.

Figs 1–13 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 1–13. Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light micrographs of the type population from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). 1–16. LM views of raphe valves. 7–12. LM views of rapheless valves. 13. LM view of a girdle view. Scale bar represents 10 µm.

Figs 25–57 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 25–57. Planothidium wetzelectorianum Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population in Monolith Lake (James Ross Island). 25. LM view of a girdle view. 26–38. LM views of raphe valves. 39–52. LM views of rapheless valves. 53. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 54. SEM external detail of the areolae. 55. SEM internal view of the raphe and the striae. Note the hymenes on the areolae. 56. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 57. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm for Figs 25–52, 1 µm for Figs 53–57.

Figs 20–24 in Four new monoraphid diatom species (Bacillariophyta, Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Figs 20–24. Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalová, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Scanning electron micrographs of the type population from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). 20. SEM girdle view of an entire frustule. 21. SEM external view of a raphe valve. 22. SEM external detail of the areolae with the typical cribrate structure. 23. SEM external detail of the apex with the typical terminal orbiculus. 24. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Arrows show the rapheless sternum. Scale bars represent 10 µm for Figs 20, 21 & 24, 1 µm for Fig. 22 and 5 µm for Fig. 23.

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Fig. 3 in Tertiarius minutulus sp. nov. (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyta) - a new fossil diatom species from Lake Ohrid

Fig. 3. Tertiarius minutulus sp. nov., SEM internal valve views. A. View of the whole frustule and the marginal fultoportulae surrounded by two satellite pores, cowlings absent (see white arrow). B. Close view of marginal areolae with circumferential silica trabeculae and central areolae occluded by domed cribra (see white arrow). C. View of the whole frustule. D. Close view of rimoportula (see white arrow) located on costa at junction between valve face / mantle. E. Internal valve view showing the central fultoportulae with short central tube surrounded with 2–3 satellite pores (see white arrows). F. Valve view. Scale bars: A, C, E–F = 2.0 µm; B, D = 1.0 µm.

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Fig. 1 in Tertiarius minutulus sp. nov. (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyta) - a new fossil diatom species from Lake Ohrid

Fig. 1. Tertiarius minutulus sp. nov., LM valve views, Lake Ohrid, North Macedonia. The asterisk indicates the holotype. Scale bar = 10 µm.

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Fig. 2 in Tertiarius minutulus sp. nov. (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyta) - a new fossil diatom species from Lake Ohrid

Fig. 2. Tertiarius minutulus sp. nov., SEM external valve views. A. Valve view showing the marginal openings of the fultoportulae (see white arrow). B–D. View of the whole frustule. E. Close view of marginal openings of the fultoportula (see white arrow). F. Close view of the external openings of the valve face fultoportulae (see white arrows). Scale bars: A–D = 2.0 µm; E–F = 1.0 µm.

Figs 44–66 in Revision of the non-marine centric diatom flora (Bacillariophyta) of the sub-Antarctic Campbell Island (southern Pacific Ocean) with the descriptions of five new species

Figs 44–66. Ferocia houkiana Goeyers & Van de Vijver sp. nov. LM and SEM. Campbell Island holotype population, sample BAS284 (BR-4578). LM. 44–49. Several frustules in girdle view, often connected to each other. 50–51. Internal valves. 52–62. Several valves in valve face view clearly showing the central ring of spines. SEM. 63. Frustule in girdle view with the narrow copulae. 64. Frustule in girdle view with the narrow copulae on one side and one the side showing the broad mantle with one indicated rimoportula. 65. External view of a valve face and the girdle. Note the central ring of partly hollow spines. 66. External view of two valves connected via their linking spines. The arrow indicates the Müller step. Scale bars = 10 μm.

Figs 20–27 in Revision of the non-marine centric diatom flora (Bacillariophyta) of the sub-Antarctic Campbell Island (southern Pacific Ocean) with the descriptions of five new species

Figs 20–27. Angusticopula chilensis (Grunow) Houk et al. SEM. Campbell Island epitype population, sample BAS286. 20–22. SEM view of several valves in girdle view showing the ligulate, open, narrow girdle bands. The arrows indicate the ligulae in Fig. 20, the rimmed mantle edge in Fig. 21 and the fimbriate pars interior of the copulae in Fig. 22. 23. External view of a valve face. 24. External detail of the very fine striae and the small, rounded areolae. 25. Internal view of an entire valve showing the rimoportulae and the thick mantle. 26. External view of the mantle/valve face junction with several openings of the rimoportulae (arrows). 27. Internal detail of the valve mantle with some rimoportulae. Scale bars: 20–23, 25–26 = 10 μm; 24, 27 = 1 μm.

Figs 28–36 in Revision of the non-marine centric diatom flora (Bacillariophyta) of the sub-Antarctic Campbell Island (southern Pacific Ocean) with the descriptions of five new species

Figs 28–36. Angusticopula cosmica Goeyers & Van de Vijver sp. nov. LM. Campbell Island holotype population, sample BAS303 (BR-4577). 28. Frustule in girdle view showing the discoid chloroplasts. 29. Frustule in valve face view showing the discoid chloroplasts. 30–36. Several valves in valve face view showing clearly the submarginal ring of rimoportulae (arrows) and the striated valve face margin. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Figs 1–19 in Revision of the non-marine centric diatom flora (Bacillariophyta) of the sub-Antarctic Campbell Island (southern Pacific Ocean) with the descriptions of five new species

Figs 1–19. Angusticopula chilensis (Grunow) Houk et al. LM. Campbell Island epitype population, sample BAS286. 1–6, 12–13. Several frustules in girdle view. 5, 12. Internal valves. 7–11, 14–19. Several valves in valve face view clearly showing the marginal rimoportulae. Scale bar = 10 μm.

Figs 41–50 in New fossil genus and new extant species of diatoms (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyceae) from Pleistocene sediments in the Neotropics (Guatemala, Central America): adaptation to a changing environment?

Figs 41–50. Discostella gabinii Paillès & Sylvestre sp. nov., Lake Petén-Itzá (Guatemala); LM valve views. 41–42. Modern specimens of D. gabinii sp. nov. from Cenote Juarez. 43–44. Modern specimens of D. gabinii sp. nov. from Lake Amatitlan. 45–50. Type material of fossil lacustrine diatom D. gabinii sp. nov. 45. Holotype (MNHN, slide PC060873). 48–50. A shadow line is visible in large specimens. Scale bar = 10 µm.

Figs 25–32 in New fossil genus and new extant species of diatoms (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyceae) from Pleistocene sediments in the Neotropics (Guatemala, Central America): adaptation to a changing environment?

Figs 25–32. Type material of fossil lacustrine diatom Cyclocostis rolfii Paillès gen. et sp. nov.; SEM external valve views. 25. Valve view of concentrically undulated marginal area and tangentially undulated central area; punctuated striae become in the central area rows of larger areolae arranged in a stellate pattern. 26. Valve surface with scattered papillae; the external opening of the single valve face fultoportula is located on the raised part (white arrowhead). 27. Marginal area showing the external openings of marginal fultoportulae, collared but with no projections (white arrowheads). 28. Side view of marginal area showing striation, papillae, external openings of marginal fultoportulae (mfp – two white arrows), and the cingulum consisting of an open valvocopula and several copulae (white arrow). 29. Detail of the central area with large areolae; external areolae are bigger and occluded by volae in places where ribs are fusing. 30. Broken valve view showing the different striation between the margins and the center, the steep transversal undulation and the valve thickness. 31. Marginal area with the external openings of marginal fultoportulae (white arrowheads), papillae, and the cingulum. 32. Broken valve view showing the simple structure of anastomosing ribs covered by a finely perforated silica layer. Scale bars: 25 = 5 µm; 26, 28–32 =2 µm; 27 = 1 µm (27).

Fig. 59 in New fossil genus and new extant species of diatoms (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyceae) from Pleistocene sediments in the Neotropics (Guatemala, Central America): adaptation to a changing environment?

Fig. 59. Diagram showing the succession of Stephanodiscaceae Glezer & Makarova in Pleistocene sediments (0–84 ka) from Lake Petén-Itzá (Guatemala).

Figs 1–24 in New fossil genus and new extant species of diatoms (Stephanodiscaceae, Bacillariophyceae) from Pleistocene sediments in the Neotropics (Guatemala, Central America): adaptation to a changing environment?

Figs 1–24. Type material of fossil lacustrine diatom Cyclocostis rolfii Paillès gen. et sp. nov., Lake PeténItzá (Guatemala); LM girdle view (1) and valve views (2–24). 4. Holotype (MNHN, slide PC0608731). 7–8. Valve surface strongly tangentially undulated, forming an S shape. Scale bar = 10 µm.

FIG. 5 in Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: a new diatom species (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Indian subcontinent

FIG. 5. — Light microscopy of Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov., represented from the Sharavathi River sample: A-M, valve views showing the size diminution series; N, girdle view. Scale bar: A-N, 10 µm.

FIG. 4 in Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: a new diatom species (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Indian subcontinent

FIG. 4. — Scanning electron micrographs of girdle view of Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: A, dorsal side; B, ventral side of whole valve, showing mantle areolae and girdle bands; C, valve apex covered with girdle bands and transapical areolae present on the valve mantle; D, central area showing the mantle areolae, ribbed valve margin and layers of girdle bands. Scale bars: A-D, 1 μm.

FIG. 3 in Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: a new diatom species (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Indian subcontinent

FIG. 3. — Scanning electron micrographs of valve interior of Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: A, B, whole valve view, with raphe and striation pattern; C, E valve apices, with small helictoglossae; D, central area, showing proximal raphe ends. Scale bars: A, B, 5 μm; C-E, 1 μm.

FIG. 2 in Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: a new diatom species (Cymbellales, Bacillariophyceae) from the Indian subcontinent

FIG. 2. — Scanning electron micrographs of valve exterior of Encyonema keshrii, sp. nov.: A, B, whole valve showing slightly dorsiventral, lanceolate to linearlanceolate valves, raphe and striation pattern; C, showing unique lineolate areolus; D, F, details of marginal and apical pole showing distal raphe ends, mantle poroids; E, middle portion of the valve showing proximal raphe ends. Scale bars: A, B, 5 µm; C, 0.25 µm; D-F, 1 µm.