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19 results for “non-structural carbohydrates”
Above- and below-ground non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in Spartina alterniflora from 6 permanant plots near the Georgia Coastal Ecosysterms LTER flux tower, on Sapelo Island in Georgia, USA
We studied the dynamics of four non-structural carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch) and biomass in 8 different above- and below-ground tissues in Spartina alterniflora over the course of a year in a salt marsh on Sapelo Island, Georgia, USA. Tissue parts sampled included green leaves, green stems, yellow leaves, yellow stems, brown leaves and stem, flowers, belowground biomass from 0-10cm depth and belowground biomass from 10-30cm depth. Samples were collected from tall form S. alterniflora plots near the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER flux tower site monthly between September 2013 and August 2014. This study was conducted to support the development of predictive, mechanistic models of Spartina by providing information on below-ground biomass and its dynamics, and in particular the storage of resources that can be used for spring re-growth.
Non-structural carbohydrates and photosynthesis in boreal Scots pine and dwarf shrubs, in field and laboratory.
<p>The manuscript entitled "Non-structural carbohydrates and photosynthesis in boreal Scots pine and dwarf shrubs" used two set of data: Field data and Laboratory data</p> <p>##### 1. FIELD DATA:<br> We measured photosynthesis and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content in adult Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), in boreal conditions at Hyytiaälä SMEAR II station in Sourthen Finland. In the folder "Field Data", you will find automatic CO2 exchange measurements by shoot chambers, dynamic parameters for the light response of photosynthesis, and needles´ non-structural carbohydrate content (NSC) in 2008, 2009 and 2015. See the readme file in the folder for further information.</p> <p> </p> <p>#### 2. LABORATORY DATA</p> <p>We measured the relationship between photosynthesis and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content under stable laboratory conditions in three shrubs species:<br> i) evergreen lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.),<br> ii) evergreen heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) and<br> iii) deciduous bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.).<br> The plants grew in chambers where we measured the CO2 gas exchange and estimated photosynthesis. After CO2 gas exhcnage measurements we sampled the leaves for NSC analyses. See the readme file in the folder for further information.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Non-structural carbohydrates predict survival in saplings of temperate trees under carbon stress
<p>1. Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) mediate plant survival when the plant's carbon (C) balance is negative, suggesting that NSCs could predict plant survival under C stress. To examine this possibility, we exposed saplings of six temperate tree species to diverse levels of C stress created by the combination of two light conditions (full light availability and deep shade) and two defoliation levels (severe defoliation and non-defoliation). We then measured survival, biomass, and total NSCs and soluble sugar (SSs) concentrations in different organs of both dead and live saplings.</p> <p>2. We estimated mean NSCs and SSs contents and concentrations per sapling and fitted logistic generalized mixed-effects models to determine if NSCs and SSs predict survival. Using inverse prediction modelling, we also determined whether there is a common NSCs and SS threshold across species at the time of sapling's death.</p> <p>3. Defoliation and shade reduced the mean sapling's NSCs and SSs contents, indicating C stress. Mean sapling NSCs and SSs contents and concentrations predicted survival and the robustness of the models improved with the inclusion of species. At death, saplings of the exotic deciduous tree species Acer pseudoplatanus exhibited significantly lower mean NSCs and SSs contents than saplings of the evergreen conifer species Podocarpus nubigenus and lower stem NSCs and SSs concentrations than the broadleaf evergreen species Drimys winteri.</p> <p>4. The energetic role that NSCs and SSs play in plants under C stress was evidenced by the capacity of these compounds to predict sapling survival under C stress. No common threshold of NSCs and SSs contents or concentrations for sapling survival amongst species was found, indicating that the level of these compounds may not be good proxies for interspecific comparisons of tolerance to C stress. Presumably, there are species-specific limits for the mobilization and use of NSCs and SSs in metabolism.</p> <p>5. Our results anticipate that the inclusion of NSCs and SSs in modelling will improve predictions regarding tree responses to ongoing climate change. Nonetheless, a better understanding of the many roles that carbohydrates play in plant survival under C stress is required to scale predictions up to the community level.</p>
Data from: Increased intake of tree forage by moose is associated with intake of crops rich in non-structural carbohydrates
<p>Animals representing a wide range of taxonomic groups are known to select specific food combinations to achieve a nutritionally balanced diet. The nutrient balancing hypothesis suggests that, when given the opportunity, animals select foods to achieve a particular target nutrient balance, and that balancing occurs between meals and between days. For wild ruminants who inhabit landscapes dominated by human land use, nutritionally imbalanced diets can result from ingesting agricultural crops rich in starch and sugar (non-structural carbohydrates, NC), which can be provided to them by people as supplementary feeds. Here, we test the nutrient balancing hypothesis by assessing potential effects that the ingestion of such crops by Alces alces (moose) may have on forage intake. We predicted that moose compensate for an imbalanced intake of excess NC by selecting tree forage with macro-nutritional content better suited for their rumen microbiome during wintertime. We applied DNA metabarcoding to identify plants in faecal and rumen content from the same moose during winter in Sweden. We found that the concentration of NC-rich crops in faeces predicted the presence of Picea abies (Norway spruce) in rumen samples. The finding is consistent with the prediction that moose use tree forage as a nutritionally complementary resource to balance their intake of NC-rich foods, and that they ingested P. abies in particular (normally a forage rarely eaten by moose) because it was the most readily available tree. Our finding sheds new light on the foraging behaviour of a model species in herbivore ecology, and on how habitat alterations by humans may change the behaviour of wildlife.</p>
Contrasting light demands determine the coordination of plants’ non-structural carbohydrates and economic strategy over the range of solar spectral composition
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Does microwaving or freezing reduce the losses of non-structural carbohydrates during plant sample processing?
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Data from: Increased intake of tree forage by moose is associated with intake of crops rich in non-structural carbohydrates
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Impacts of global environmental change drivers on non-structural carbohydrates in terrestrial plants
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Fire effects on tree physiology, growth, and drought vulnerability: Non-structural carbohydrate, hydraulic function, water potential, and tree growth data
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Sex-specific non-structural carbohydrate variation and hydraulics explain differences in drought resistance of Populus euphratica females and males along an aridity gradient
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Non-structural carbohydrates predict survival in saplings of temperate trees under carbon stress
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Seasonal Foliar Respiration, Assimilation, Growth, Non-structural Carbohydrates and Water Potential data from Survival/Mortality (SUMO) Experiment, Piñon /Juniper Woodland, Los Alamos NM: 2013
These data were collected as part of an ecosystem temperature and precipitation manipulation experiment on mature piñon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus monosperma) trees near Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA. The experiment used open-top chambers (OTCs) to manipulate temperature and under-canopy troughs to remove precipitation to test various hypotheses. The data presented herein contain measures of foliar carbon economy (respiration, assimilation, growth, non-structural carbohydrates) and water status (pre-dawn foliar water potential) in the growing season (April – October) of 2013.
Data from: Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in terrestrial plants: a global synthesis
Plants store large amounts of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). While multiple functions of NSC have long been recognized, the interpretation of NSC seasonal dynamics is often based on the idea that stored NSC is a reservoir of carbon that fluctuates depending on the balance between supply via photosynthesis and demand for growth and respiration (the source-sink dynamics concept). Consequently, relatively high NSC concentrations in some plants have been interpreted to reflect excess supply relative to demand. An alternative view, however, is that NSC accumulation reflects the relatively high NSC levels required for plant survival; an important issue that remains highly controversial. Here, we assembled a new global database to examine broad patterns of seasonal NSC variation across organs (leaves, stems and belowground), plant functional types (coniferous, drought deciduous angiosperms, winter deciduous angiosperms, evergreen angiosperms, and herbaceous) and biomes (boreal, temperate, Mediterranean and tropical). We compiled data from 123 studies, including seasonal measurements for 179 species under natural conditions. Our results showed that, on average, NSC account for ~10% of dry plant biomass and are highest in leaves and lowest in stems, whereas belowground organs show intermediate concentrations. Total NSC, starch and soluble sugars (SS) varied seasonally, with a strong depletion of starch during the growing season and a general increase during winter months, particularly in boreal and temperate biomes. Across functional types, NSC concentrations were highest and most variable in herbaceous species and in conifer needles. Conifers showed the lowest stem and belowground NSC concentrations. Minimum NSC values were relatively high (46% of seasonal maximums on average for total NSC) and, in contrast to average values, were similar among biomes and functional types. Overall, although starch depletion was relatively common, seasonal depletion of total NSC or SS was rare. These results are consistent with a dual view of NSC function: whereas starch acts mostly as a reservoir for future use, soluble sugars perform immediate functions (e.g., osmoregulation) and are kept above some critical threshold. If confirmed, this dual function of NSC will have important implications for the way we understand and model plant carbon allocation and survival under stress.
Data from: Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in terrestrial plants: a global synthesis
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Data and model scripts for "Non-structural carbohydrate dynamics associated with antecedent stem water potential and air temperature in a dominant desert shrub"
<p>Model code and data as used in the first revision submitted to Plant, Cell and Environment, Feb. 2020. </p> <p>Models are coded in JAGS or OpenBUGS and run in R. Three related models are presented:</p> <p>1) "mod_allometry.R" and "jags_allometry.R" run the aboveground biomass allometry model described in Methods S1, utilizing stem and leaf mass data ("data_allometry.Rdata") and the associated initial values ("inits_allometry.Rdata")</p> <p>2) "mod_predawn.R" and "bugs_predawn.R" run the gap-filling model described in Methods S2, utilizing predawn water potential data ("data_predawn.Rdata") and the associated initial values ("inits_predawn.Rdata")</p> <p>3) "mod_NSC.R" and "bugs_NSC.R" run the NSC model described in the main text of the manuscript, utilizing NSC and covariate data ("data_NSC.Rdata") and the associated initial values ("inits_NSC.Rdata")</p>
Xylem hydraulics and non-structural carbohydrate contents in 15 temperate tree species
<p class="1CxSpFirst">In humid temperate forests, the occurrence of frequent freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) is a main factor limiting tree growth, as xylem embolism induced by FTC poses a serious threat to the hydraulic integrity of trees. A high resilience to hydraulic dysfunction involves the enhancement of embolism resistance and/or extra non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) inputs for restoration of an impaired hydraulic system. However, potentially negative implications of such NSC allocation on tree growth have not yet been explored.</p> <p class="1CxSpMiddle">At a temperate forest site of northeast China, we studied xylem hydraulics and NSC contents in relation to winter embolism resilience in 15 sympatric broadleaf tree species belonging to three genera with relatively high species richness, 6 <i>Acer</i> species, 5 <i>Betula</i> species and 4 <i>Populus</i> species.</p> <p class="1CxSpLast"><i>Acer</i> and <i>Betula</i> species had higher soluble sugar contents in the dormant season and indeed had higher hydraulic resilience to FTC induced embolism but slower stem growth. <i>Populus</i> species had higher NSC contents during the growing season and their faster stem growth was also consistent with higher hydraulic efficiency (Ks) and leaf photosynthetic rate.<span> The positive correlation between tree </span><span>trunk</span><span> radial growth rate and hydraulic conductivity suggests that</span><span> xylem water transport efficiency can be a fundamental basis for tree productivity due to a significant hydraulic-photosynthetic coordination</span><span>. The negative correlation between soluble sugar concentration in the dormant season and stem growth rate indicates that </span>metabolic carbon costs for enhancing hydraulic resilience may compromise tree growth during the growing season.</p> <p>Comparisons among <i>Acer</i>, <i>Betula</i> and <i>Populus</i> and the correlation analyses based on phylogenetic independent contrasts strongly support the existence of a trade-off between hydraulic resilience against FTC induced embolism and growth rate among sympatric tree species under humid temperate climate conditions. This trade-off has likely contributed to the sorting of temperate tree species and genera to different niches along environmental gradients with respect to freezing stress and interspecific competition.</p>
Xylem hydraulics and non-structural carbohydrate contents in 15 temperate tree species
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Data from: Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) predicts non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in different tissue types of a broad range of tree species
1. The allocation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) to reserves constitutes an important physiological mechanism associated with tree growth and survival. However, procedures for measuring NSC in plant tissue are expensive and time-consuming. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a high-throughput technology that has the potential to infer the concentration of organic constituents for a large number of samples in a rapid and inexpensive way based on empirical calibrations with chemical analysis. 2. The main objectives of this study were (i) to develop a general NSC concentration calibration that integrates various forms of variation such as tree species and tissue types and (ii) to identify characteristic spectral regions associated with NSC molecules. In total, 180 samples from different tree organs (root, stem, branch, leaf) belonging to 73 tree species from tropical and temperate biomes were analysed. Statistical relationships between NSC concentration and NIRS spectra were assessed using partial least squares regression (PLSR) and a variable selection procedure (competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS), in order to identify key wavelengths. 3. Parsimonious and accurate calibration models were obtained for total NSC (r2 of 0·91, RMSE of 1·34% in external validation), followed by starch (r2 = 0·85 and RMSE = 1·20%) and sugars (r2 = 0·82 and RMSE = 1·10%). Key wavelengths coincided among these models and were mainly located in the 1740–1800, 2100–2300 and 2410–2490 nm spectral regions. 4. This study demonstrates the ability of general calibration model to infer NSC concentrations across species and tissue types in a rapid and cost-effective way. The estimation of NSC in plants using NIRS therefore serves as a tool for functional biodiversity research, in particular for the study of the growth–survival trade-off and its implications in response to changing environmental conditions, including growth limitation and mortality.
Data from: Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) predicts non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in different tissue types of a broad range of tree species
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