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16 results for “non-target species”
Update and expansion of the database of bio-ecological information on non-target arthropod species
<p>The current database updates and extends the database on arthropods inhabiting European arable crops established in 2012 (Meissle <em>et al.</em> 2012). The data was collected to support environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union and provides a detailed overview of the arthropod fauna in arable crops across Europe.The data was obtained from systematic literature searches conducted to identify publications on small grain cereals and to identify additional publications on the crops covered by the previous database (maize, beet, potato, oilseed rape, rice, cotton, soy). The final database contains information on more than 4000 arthropod species, > 27700 records, and > 2000 references.</p> <p>The database consists of three tables containing information on species (taxonomy, ecological function, feeding guild, habitat), abundances (crop, collection method, location, sampling duration, collected species), and references (authors, year, title, source). Taxonomy was verified with European and global taxonomic catalogues and taxonomic experts. Ecological information, in particular feeding guilds of adults and juveniles, was double checked with appropriate literature, and provided in detail. References for taxonomic and ecological information were included for each species record</p> <p>For maize, beet, potato, oilseed rape, rice, and soybean, 258 additional studies were found and entered into the database, resulting in 2774 additional records. For those crops, the updated database contains 16610 records of 3264 species. Most of the records are available for maize (6648), followed by beet, potato, and oilseed rape (ca. 3000 records each). Relatively few records are available for rice (601), soy (231), and cotton (184). Overall, small grain cereals in Europe were reported to harbour more than 2000 arthropod species. Most information is available for wheat (7626 records and 1664 species), followed by barley (2308 records and 893 species). Rye, oats, and triticale are represented by 453, 369, and 273 records and 269, 187, and 171 species, respectively. Only few records are available for buckwheat and sorghum, and no records for millet and canary seed. Overall, small grain cereals in Europe are reported to harbour more than 2000 arthropod species. For the other crops, the updated database contains more than 3200 species. Most of the species recorded in small grain cereals are predators (63% of the abundance records), followed by herbivores (21%), decomposers (8%), parasitoids (7%), and pollinators (1%). </p> <p>The database contains reports from 37 countries in Europe and was extracted from references with a publication date ranging from 1925-2014.</p>
Impacts of umbrella species management on non-target species
<p>Restoration of anthropogenically altered habitats has often focused on management for umbrella species—vulnerable species whose conservation is thought to benefit co-occurring species. Woody plant encroachment is a form of habitat alteration occurring in grasslands and shrublands around the globe, driven by anthropogenic shifts in disturbance regimes. One pervasive threat to historically widespread sagebrush communities is conifer expansion, which outcompetes sagebrush and can negatively affect sagebrush-obligate animal species. Degradation and loss of sagebrush plant communities in western North America have been associated with drastic declines in wildlife populations. The imperiled Greater Sage-Grouse is assumed to be an umbrella species for the sagebrush community, so habitat restoration, including removal of encroaching conifers, is commonly targeted toward sage-grouse. How this conservation action affects the demography of species other than age grouse is largely unknown. We quantified the demographic effects of landscape-level restoration of sagebrush communities through conifer removal on an assemblage of sagebrush-obligate, shrubland generalist, and woodland-associated songbirds. We compared songbird density and reproduction between adjacent restored and uncut conifer-encroached sagebrush plots in southwest Montana. We found and monitored nests to record nest fate and number of offspring produced. We found demographic benefits for sagebrush-obligate species in restored areas. Sage Thrashers colonized restored areas. Brewer's Sparrow density was 39% higher and nest success was 63% higher in removal treatments, resulting in 119% higher fledgling production compared with uncut areas. The density of Vesper Sparrows, a shrubland generalist, was 308% higher, and fledgling production was 660% higher in restored areas. Another shrubland generalist, the White-crowned Sparrow, experienced 55% lower density and 37% lower fledgling production in conifer removal areas. Two woodland-associated species, Chipping Sparrows and Dark-eyed Juncos were nearly extirpated following conifer removal. A third woodland-associated species, the Green-tailed Towhee, experienced 57% lower density and 69% lower fledgling production in removal than in non-removal areas.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis and applications: </strong>Our study demonstrates the benefits of conifer removal for sagebrush-obligate species while highlighting species that may be sensitive. Umbrella species management can benefit co-occurring species with similar habitat associations, but demographic analyses for all impacted species are essential for effective conservation.</p>
Assessing potential hybridization between a hypothetical gene drive-modified Drosophila suzukii and non-target Drosophila species
<p><span>Genetically engineered gene drives (geGD) are potentially powerful tools for suppressing or even eradicating populations of pest insects. Before living geGD insects can be released into the environment, they must pass an environmental risk assessment (ERA) to ensure that their release will not harm valued and protected entities of the environment. A key research question concerns the likelihood that non-target species will acquire the functional GD elements; such acquisition could lead to the loss of those species and to a disruption of the ecosystem services they provide. The main route for gene flow is through hybridization between the GD insect strain and closely related species that co-occur in the area of release. Using the invasive spotted-wing drosophila, <em>Drosophila</em> <em>suzukii</em>, as a case study, we demonstrate how a combination of interspecific hybridization experiments, behavioral observations, and molecular genetic analyses can be used to assess the potential for hybridization.</span></p>
Feasibility of assessing vegetative and generative endpoints of crop- and non- crop terrestrial plant species for non-target terrestrial plant (NTTP) regulatory testing under greenhouse conditions
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Assessing potential hybridization between a hypothetical gene drive-modified Drosophila suzukii and non-target Drosophila species
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Impacts of umbrella species management on non-target species
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Data from: Comparing biocontrol and herbicide for managing an invasive non-native plant species: efficacy, non-target effects and secondary invasion
<p>1. Globally, invasive non-native plants are an increasing threat to indigenous biodiversity and ecosystems, but management can be compromised by poor efficacy of control methods, harmful non-target effects or secondary invasions by other non-native plant species.</p> <p>2. A 5-year field trial compared two stakeholder-selected control methods for heather, a European plant invading native ecosystems in and adjoining Tongariro National Park in New Zealand. The control methods were a selective herbicide (Pasture Kleen®; 2,4-D ester) and biocontrol with an introduced beetle Lochmaea suturalis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).</p> <p>3. Biocontrol reduced mean heather cover by 97%, slightly more than herbicide at 87%, compared with a 20% increase in heather under no management.</p> <p>4. Cover of native dicots, the most species-rich plant group, increased following biocontrol. In contrast, herbicide application had major non-target effects on native dicots, reducing their percentage cover and species richness. Native monocot cover and species richness increased following both herbicide and biocontrol treatments.</p> <p>5. A similar 8-fold increase in non-native monocots occurred following both biocontrol and herbicide treatments. Overall, secondary invasion was greatest with biocontrol because non-native dicot cover also increased, whereas herbicide almost eliminated non-native dicots. 6. Synthesis and applications. Biocontrol and herbicide treatments both controlled heather but herbicide application was associated with severe non-target impacts on native dicots. Benefits to the native flora were consequently greatest in the biocontrol treatment, despite greater secondary invasion. Control strategies for management of widespread non-native plants to optimize ecosystem outcomes should include more consideration of biocontrol.</p>
Roundup causes embryonic development failure, alters metabolic pathways and gut microbiota functionality in non-target species
<p><b>Background: </b>Research around the weedkiller Roundup is among the most contentious of the 21<sup>st</sup> century. Scientists have provided inconclusive evidence that the weedkiller causes cancer and other life-threatening diseases, while industry-paid research reports that the weedkiller has no adverse effect on humans or animals. Much of the controversial evidence on Roundup is rooted in the approach used to determine safe use of chemicals, defined by outdated toxicity tests.We apply a system biology approach to the biomedical and ecological model species <i>Daphnia</i> to quantify the impact of Glyphosate and of its commercial formula, Roundup, on fitness, genome-wide transcription and gut microbiota, taking full advantage of clonal reproduction in <i>Daphnia. </i>We then <span>apply </span>machine learning-based statistical analysis to identify and prioritize correlations between genome-wide transcriptional and microbiota changes.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>We demonstrate that chronic exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of Glyphosate and Roundup at the approved regulatory threshold for drinking water in the US induce embryonic developmental failure, significant DNA damage (genotoxicity), and interfere with signaling. Furthermore, chronic exposure to the weedkiller alters the gut microbiota functionality and composition interfering with carbon and fat metabolism, as well as homeostasis. Using the 'Reactome', we identify conserved pathways across the Tree of Life, which are potential targets for Roundup in other species, including liver metabolism, inflammation pathways and collagen degradation, responsible for the repair of wounds and tissue remodeling.</p> <p><b>Conclusions: </b>Our results show that chronic exposure to concentrations of Roundup and Glyphosate at the approved regulatory threshold for drinking water causes embryonic development failure, and alteration of key metabolic functions via direct effect on the host molecular processes and indirect effect on the gut microbiota. The ecological model species <i>Daphnia</i> occupies a central position in the food web of aquatic ecosystems, being the preferred food of small vertebrates and invertebrates as well as a grazer of algae and bacteria. The impact of the weedkiller on this keystone species has cascading effects on aquatic food webs, affecting their ability to deliver critical ecosystem services.</p>
Data from: Manipulating two olfactory cues causes a biological control beetle to shift to non-target plant species
Olfactory cues can determine the host preferences of herbivorous insects, but their role in host shifting is unclear. Host specificity and the potential for host shifts are important criteria for screening and post-release evaluation of biological control agents for invasive plants. However, the role of olfactory cues in mediating host shifts in biological control agents is not well understood. To investigate the role of olfactory cues in host selection of a reportedly monophagous flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila), an important biocontrol agent for invasive alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides), we extracted and analysed the volatiles produced by the host-plant A. philoxeroides and the non-host plants Alternanthera sessilis, Beta vulgaris and Amaranthus mangostanus. Moreover, we used electrophysiological techniques, behavioural bioassays and field trials to test the antennal responses and behavioural preferences of A. hygrophila to combinations of different plant volatiles and treatments, and pure compounds in different dosages and combinations. We show that A. hygrophila female beetles indeed use olfactory cues to select plants for feeding and oviposition and that the survivorship of larvae on the second preferred non-host plant A. sessilis, a close relative of the first preferred host plant A. philoxeroides, was over 75% in a field trail. Although female beetles responded to many volatile compounds from host and non-host plants, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) positively encouraged the beetle's feeding and oviposition preferences, whereas (Z)-3-hexenol displayed repellent effect. Remarkably, complementation assays with (Z)-3-hexenol on host plant or DMNT on non-host plants significantly shifted A. hygrophila host preferences to non-host plants and resulted in oviposition and egg hatching on the non-host plant A. sessilis in field trials. Synthesis. We demonstrate an olfactory mechanism by which a specialized herbivorous beetle uses the ratio of two common plant volatiles, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene and (Z)-3-hexenol, to discriminate between its host and non-host plants in nature. This study highlights an important mechanism by which olfactory cues could lead to undesired host range expansion in biocontrol agent, thus representing an important warning of the potential for a host shift and development of invasiveness in a common biocontrol agent, the flea beetle.
Data from: Comparing biocontrol and herbicide for managing an invasive non-native plant species: efficacy, non-target effects and secondary invasion
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Roundup causes embryonic development failure, alters metabolic pathways and gut microbiota functionality in non-target species
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Data from: Manipulating two olfactory cues causes a biological control beetle to shift to non-target plant species
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How to account for the uncertainty from standard toxicity tests in species sensitivity distributions: an example in non-target plants
<p>Raw data sets (.txt format) for the seven case studies in the paper entitled "How to account for the uncertainty from standard toxicity tests in species sensitivity distributions: an example in non-target plants" submitted to PLOS One in July 2020.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Lang A, Dolek M, Lee MS, Freese-Hager A, Otto M (2020) Selection of non-target Lepidoptera species to test Bt maize effects in the laboratory: which species and how to breed them? BioRisk 15: 45-65. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.15.59823
Review breeding information
Supplementary material 1 from: Lang A, Dolek M, Lee MS, Freese-Hager A, Otto M (2020) Selection of non-target Lepidoptera species to test Bt maize effects in the laboratory: which species and how to breed them? BioRisk 15: 45-65. https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.15.59823
Reference list: breeding and rearing Lepidoptera
Commercial nano-enabled fertilizer: unveiling its mechanisms of toxicity in non-target soil invertebrate species using a high-throughput transcriptomics approach
GEO Series GSE284021. Enchytraeus crypticus. 24 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.