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193 results for “oak forest”
Ungulate-Forest Interactions in Partially Harvested Oak-Pine Stands in Central Massachusetts 2009
Ungulates are attracted to forest openings created by natural disturbance and timber harvesting due to the abundance of high quality browse in these openings. Despite the increased activity and browsing of ungulates in forest openings, the importance of browsing relative to abiotic factors such as light on forest regeneration is often unclear. In southern New England, medium-intensity harvesting is the predominant forest disturbance attracting white-tailed deer and moose. Oaks are the foundation hardwood taxon and predominant timber tree in the region and are in decline. Hence, the effects of ungulate browsing on oak forests are of great interest to ecologists, conservationists and forest and wildlife managers. We sampled tree regeneration and ungulate foraging activity across a range of canopy disturbances (35-90% basal area removed) in 34 stands of the Quabbin and Ware River Watershed Forests. Browsing was very high across the plots with about 80% of red maple and oak stems browsed. Taller stems were generally browsed more frequently than shorter stems. Oak regeneration in the smaller size classes was generally lower in stands with higher percent cover of hay-scented fern. The proportion of browsed red maples and oaks generally increased with increasing density of these taxa. Despite intensive herbivory, oaks appear to be regenerating well with increased light in these partially harvested stands.
Sap Flow of Northern Red Oak Trees Under Ecosystem Warming at Harvard Forest 2011
Over the next century, air temperature increases up to 5 °C are projected for the northeastern USA. Because evapotranspiration dominates water loss from terrestrial ecosystems, tree ecophysiological response to warming will have important consequences for forest water budgets. We measured growing season sap flow rates in mature northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees in a combined air (up to 5.5 °C above ambient) and soil (up to 1.85 °C above ambient at 6-cm depth) warming experiment at Harvard Forest, MA, USA. Principal components analysis found air and soil temperatures had the largest effects on sap flow. On average, each 1 °C increase in temperature increased sap flow rates by approximately 1100 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1 throughout the growing season and by 1200 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1 during the early growing season. Reductions in the number of cold winter days correlated positively with increased sap flow at night during the early growing season (a decrease of 100 heating-degree-days was associated with a sapflow increase of approximately 5 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1). Soil moisture declined with increased treatment temperatures, and each soil moisture percentage increase resulted in an increase in sap flow of approximately 360 kg H2O m-2 sapwood area day-1. At night, soil moisture correlated positively with sap flow rate. These results demonstrate that warmer air and soil temperatures in winter and throughout the growing season lead to increased sap flow rates, which could affect forest water budgets throughout the year.
Root Exudation Simulation Experiment in a Red Oak Stand at Harvard Forest 2011
Root exudation is thought to increase the activity of microbes and the exoenzymes they synthesize, leading to accelerated rates of carbon (C) mineralization and nutrient cycling in rhizosphere soils relative to bulk soils. The nitrogen (N) content of microbial biomass and exoenzymes may introduce a stoichiometric constraint on the ability of microbes to effectively utilize the root exudates, particularly if the exudates are rich in C but low in N. We combined a theoretical model of microbial activity with an exudation experiment to test the hypothesis that the ability of soil microbes to utilize root exudates for the synthesis of additional biomass and exoenzymes is constrained by N availability. The field experiment simulated exudation by automatically pumping solutions of chemicals often found in root exudates (“exudate mimics”) containing C alone or C in combination with N (C:N ratio of 10) through microlysimeter “root simulators” into intact forest soils in two 50-day experiments. The delivery of C-only exudate mimics increased microbial respiration but had no effect on microbial biomass or exoenzyme activities. By contrast, experimental delivery of exudate mimics containing both C and N significantly increased microbial respiration, microbial biomass, and the activity of exoenzymes that decompose low molecular weight components of soil organic matter (SOM, e.g., cellulose, amino sugars), while decreasing the activity of exoenzymes that degrade high molecular weight SOM (e.g., polyphenols, lignin). The modeling results were consistent with the experiments; simulated delivery of C-only exudates induced microbial N-limitation, which constrained the synthesis of microbial biomass and exoenzymes. Exuding N as well as C alleviated this stoichiometric constraint in the model, allowing for increased exoenzyme production, the priming of decomposition, and a net release of N from SOM (i.e., mineralization). The quantity of N released from SOM in the model simulations was
Ectomycorrhizal Community of Red Oak at Harvard Forest 2013
There is evidence that ectomycorrhizal Pezizales prevail on roots at woodland edges or habitats where trees are well spaced, and where there is minimal understory vegetation, soil pH is relatively high, and bare soil is a feature. This observation was repeated in a recent study of mitospores produced by these fungi, where they were found most often at woodland edges, road sides, the middle of paths, and lawns. A key feature that distinguishes Basidiomycota from Ascomycota is that the dikaryon necessary for sexual reproduction is generally formed early after spore germination in the former, but not until fruitbody formation in the latter. Our hypothesis is that the mitospores produced by ectomycorrhizal Pezizales act as spermatia, and that these spores are more effectively produced and dispersed from bare soil than from areas with a thick organic layer. Here we tested our hypothesis by comparing the community of ectomycorrhizal root fungi on red oak trees in Harvard Forest and the Arnold Arboretum.
Sap Flow in Red Maple and Red Oak in the Harvard Forest Snow Removal Study 2011
The climate is changing in mid and high latitude environments with the depth and duration of snowpack shrinking for many temperate forest ecosystems. A reduced snowpack and increased depth and duration of soil frost can injure fine roots, which are essential for plant water uptake. Water uptake is a crucial component of ecosystem functioning because this process strongly impacts other biological processes, such as primary productivity and nutrient uptake. We evaluated the effects of changing winter climate, including snow and soil frost dynamics, on rates of water uptake (i.e. sap flow) in a snow manipulation study at Harvard Forest. We had three reference and tree plots from which we removed snow and induced soil freezing.
Coarse Roots and Rock Content in Oak, Hemlock, and Ash Stands at Harvard Forest 2020
When collecting soil samples in the very rocky soils of the Harvard Forest, researchers are forced to core the soil away from rocks. Thus, the resulting samples tend to underestimate the rock content of the soil and overestimate the sand, silt, and other fine particles content. When scaling the results to a spatial area larger than the sample’s (e.g., m2, hectare) it is important to know the actual rock content of the soil to apply the right correction factor. Therefore, we dug pits in three different stands at the Harvard Forest to determine the rock content. At the same time we also collected coarse roots (>2mm diameter) to measure their biomass, which can’t be easily done using the usual soil coring techniques.
Oak Forest Response to Lymantria dispar Defoliation in Central Massachusetts since 2019
Invasive forest insects are a major global change driver, and the Northeastern U.S. is an invasion hotspot. Lymantria dispar is one of the region’s most destructive defoliators. After thirty years of quiescence, a surprisingly severe outbreak began in 2015 in southern New England, and by 2018 had caused dramatic oak mortality across thousands of forested acres. Lymantria dispar is considered a generalist, but in New England, oaks (Quercus sp.) are its preferred host trees. Oaks are key overstory trees in eastern North America. In New England, they have been a dominant component of the forest for thousands of years, and play a leading role in providing habitat, timber, and carbon sequestration. However, oak prominence is declining throughout New England. The reasons for oak’s decreasing abundance are the subject of lively debate but the role of L. dispar is likely underappreciated. Therefore, we need to understand the causes and consequences of oak dieback and mortality to this disturbance event, so that we can better predict responses to future outbreaks. To address this need, we established a set of permanent plots in central Massachusetts, chosen to capture a range of defoliation severity.
Dataset on tree diversity metrics and aboveground carbon storage in Southeastern U.S. oak-pine forests, 2009–2019
This dataset contains measurements of tree structural and taxonomic diversity, stand attributes, and aboveground carbon storage from mixed oak-pine forests in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, located in the southeastern United States. Data were collected from 946 mixed oak-pine, and 7224 longleaf-slash pine and oak-pine Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots respectively spanning the years 2009 to 2019. Variables include aboveground carbon, aboveground biomass, tree density, basal area, stand age, and diversity metrics such as Shannon indices for tree species and diameter-based structural classes. Functional diversity metrics—including functional dominance and functional divergence—are also included. These data were used to support a published study examining the interactive effects of diversity metrics on carbon storage using structural equation modeling. The geographic coverage represents humid subtropical forest regions of the southeastern U.S.
Northern red oak regeneration in burned and unburned stands in the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, USA, 2023-2024
This project aimed to determine whether prescribed burning of managed forest stands improves the regeneration of Quercus rubra near its northern range limit in New Hampshire. We measured oak seedling density and growth rates in three pairs of managed stands in which one had received a prescribed burn since 2017. We also measured the density of competing seedlings and shrubs, leaf area index above seedling height, soil nutrients, mycorrhizal colonization, foliar carbon/nitrogen ratio, and stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon. We found greater oak seedling density and faster oak seedling growth rates in burned stands relative to unburned stands. A subset of these measurements were also collected in additional burned and unburned study stands in the region. A companion mesocosm experiment showed faster growth in oak seedlings grown in soil from burned vs. unburned stands. Together these studies show that the benefits of fire to oak regeneration are mediated both via greater light availability as well as effects mediated via soil.
Tree Mast Production in Pinyon-Juniper-Oak Forests at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge, New Mexico
The purpose of this study is to monitor the fruit production of three common woody tree species that occur on the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in New Mexico. We estimate fruit production of two monoecious species, Pinus edulis (pinon pine) and Quercus turbinella (Sonoran scrub oak) and one dioecious species, Juniperus monosperma (one-seed juniper). During August – November, we estimate fruit production for these three species at up to six sites within the Sevilleta NWR. Different protocols are used for each species (see Methods). In addition, the age and/or size of each individual tree was assessed at the beginning of the study, excepting in one site (WM) where fruit counts occurred at the plot, rather than individual tree, scale. For P. edulis and J. monosperma, trees wre binned into categories of young, medium, old, or very old trees. For Q. turbinella, we estimate canopy surface area in m 2
Percent cover of under- and mid-story vegetation and seedling counts in the Future of Oak Forests project at Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, NY.
Black Rock Forest established a series of 12, 0.56 ha plots in 2005 to assess impacts of the loss of tree in the genus Quercus on the forest ecosystem (entitled the Future of Oak Forests experiment). Three trunk girdling treatments, with control plots were instituted in 2008. Each plot also contained an ~10m by ~15m deer exclosure to assess the impact of herbivory post-disturbance. In 2006 and 2008, before exclosures were erected, pre-treatment surveys were conducted in all unexclosed (n=120) quadrats. Surveys of all 240 understory quadrats were conducted annually in late summer (August to September) from 2009 to 2018 and then again in 2021. At each quadrat, trained observers identified all vascular plants to species and assigned each species a percent cover value. The percent cover of moss was also recorded but moss species were not identified. Counts of tree seedlings and some woody shrubs were also recorded in addition to percent cover values. Seedlings were considered saplings, and therefore not counted, once they reached 1.3 m tall (breast height).
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Oak seedling demography, 2011 - ongoing
This data set was built from a larger data set of marked northern red oak seedlings surveyed from 2011-2023. In this data set, only seedlings marked in their year of germination with full environmental and seedlings measures were kept (N = 937). The data set was built for an accelerated failure time model of seedling survival that found year of germination, seedling density, shrub cover and elevation to have the largest effect on survival time. The status of the seedling acorn (attached or missing) was also important. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Factors Influencing Aboveground Carbon Storage in Mixed Oak-Pine Forests: USDA FIA Data from Southeastern U.S. (2009-2019)
This study explores factors affecting aboveground carbon (AGC) storage in mixed oak-pine forests across the Southeastern United States. Utilizing USDA Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from 2009 to 2019, the research spans nine states: Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, and Virginia. Data processing in R included converting units to the metric system and calculating structural diversity using Shannon diversity indices. Climate data from the PRISM Climate Group were integrated with FIA data using longitude and latitude. The research aims to uncover how various factors influence AGC storage and contribute to informed forest management practices.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest: Annual measurements on marked northern red oak seedlings, 2014-ongoing
Marked individual northern red oak seedlings were individually marked and mapped at 20 valleywide transects starting in summer 2011. This data set includes detailed seedling measures starting in summer 2014. The data were used to examine the impact of previous year seedling condition on whether the seedling survived in the next season. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Sudden_Oak_Death_in_Oregon_Forests: Spatial and temporal population dynamics of the sudden oak death epidemic in Oregon Forests
<p>Release of code associated with the submitted manuscript</p> <p><strong>Authors</strong></p> <p>ZN Kamvar, MM Larsen, AM Kanaskie, EM Hansen, and NJ Grünwald.</p> <p><strong>Title</strong></p> <p>Spatial and temporal population dynamics of the sudden oak death epidemic in Oregon Forests.</p>
SSR genotypes of oak parents and progeny in Pentalofos Forest Greece
<p>Two files (datasets) with multi-locus genotypes at 17 nuclear microsatellites; one containing the genotypes of all 59 adult trees within a mixed oak forest stand in the Pentalofod Forest in Evros County in Greece and the other the genotypes of 110 juvenile trees in the same stand. A comparison can be performed for parentage assignement and studies of hybridization. Oak species: <em>Quercus frainetto, Q. petraea, Q pubescens.</em></p>
Data and R code for “Individual-level variation in reproductive effort in chestnut oak (Quercus montana Willd.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.)”, Forest Ecology and Management, 2022
Masting is a population-level reproductive strategy, where individuals synchronize large but intermittent seed production. Despite the high degree of synchrony at the population level, there can be considerable variation in reproduction among individuals (intraspecific variation). Here, we use 18 years of acorn production data from individual chestnut oak and black oak from control and thinned stands, to understand what factors influence individual differences in reproductive effort and variability. We included a variety of tree-level measurements, environmental characteristics, and measurements from tree cores to determine if certain characteristics were associated variations in reproduction. We considered both mean annual acorn production per m2 crown and interannual variation in acorn production (CV) as response variables. We also classified individuals as super producers (i.e., those that consistently produce more acorns than others), good, fair and poor producers (i.e., those that consistently produce less or have a higher number of failure years). In chestnut oak, 14% of the individuals were classified as super producers and contributed 34% of the total acorns, while poor producers made up 35% of the trees and contributed only 16% to total acorn production. In black oak, super producers (14% of the individuals) contributed 31% of total acorns and poor producers (24% of the individuals) contributed only 9% of the acorns. Diameter at breast height (DBH) was the most consistent variable for explaining intraspecific variation in reproductive effort and variability (i.e., larger individuals had higher mean acorn production for both chestnut oak and black oak, and lower CV for black oak). Other variables that influenced reproduction and variation included elevation and clay content for chestnut oak, and slope for black oak. We found no significant effect from the thinning treatment on acorn production. Our results illustrate how tree-level and environmental characte
Tree species identity, diameter and qualitative canopy health measurements (full, partial or dead) from 2005 to 2023 on 12 experimental oak loss plots in Black Rock Forest, NY.
Black Rock Forest established a series of 12, 0.56 ha plots in 2005 to assess impacts of the loss of tree in the genus Quercus on the forest ecosystem (entitled the Future of Oak Forests experiment). Three trunk girdling treatments, with control plots were instituted in 2008. Each plot also contained an ~10m by ~15m deer exclosure to assess the impact of herbivory post-disturbance. Trees were measured twice per year from 2008 to 2013 (except 2009 when trees were measured once) and once per year from 2014 to 2023. Data include tree species identity, diameter at breast height (DBH), canopy health (a qualitative assessment of approximate cover as full, partial or dead), presence/absence of sprouts, and location within the plot. All live trees equal to or larger than 2.5 cm DBH are included in the dataset.
Fig. 4 in Home Ranges Of The Red Fox, Vulpes Vulpes (Carnivora, Canidae) And European Badger, Meles Meles (Carnivora, Mustelidae), In Oak Forests Of Slobozhanshchyna, Ukraine
Fig. 4. Winter average monthly temperatures in Kharkiv City in 2007–2009 and 2011 (http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru).
Fig. 19. Acanthocreagris iranica Beier, 1976 in A Redescription Of Acanthocreagris Iranica (Pseudoscorpiones, Neobisiidae) Inhabiting Soil Under Oak Trees In Zagros Forest, Western Iran
Fig. 19. Acanthocreagris iranica Beier, 1976: graph depicting pedipalpal femur ratio of deutonymph, tritonymphs and adults collected from Ilam and Lorestan Provinces, western Iran (mm = millimeter).
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