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57 results for “offspring growth”
F I G U R E 1 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta
F I G U R E 1 The River Imsa (1) in southwestern Norway where the anadromous Salmo trutta spawned. (A) The location of the fish trap where the anadromous fish were sampled. (B) The location of the upstream impassable waterfall, built between 1993 and 1995. (C) The brook, Fossbekk, where the resident fish spawned
F I G U R E 4 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta
F I G U R E 4 Mean growth per day (Ω, Equation 1, ±S.D.) at 18.3 C and 14.9 C of juvenile age 0 offspring of (a) 7.1 C and (b) 4.4 C incubated freshwater resident Salmo trutta (1, solid line) and anadromous (3, broken line), and hybrids between freshwater resident and anadromous (2, dotted line) S. trutta of the River Imsa, Norway
F I G U R E 2 in Differences in growth between offspring of anadromous and freshwater brown trout Salmo trutta
F I G U R E 2 The experimental design: 12 anadromous (A) and 12 freshwater resident (R) Salmo trutta of each sex were crossed. Parallel groups of the fertilized eggs from each cross were incubated at two temperatures (±S.D.), either 4.4 ± 1.5 C or 7.1 ± 0.6 C. After hatching, parallel groups were reared at natural River Imsa temperature until the commencement of the growth experiment when parallels of the 16 reared groups were tested at two temperatures (±S.D.), either 14.9 ± 2.2 C or 18.3 ± 1.5 C 14.9. Ten S. trutta were used in each group tested, 320 fish altogether
Data for: Faster growth and larger size at crèche onset are associated with higher offspring survival in Adélie Penguins
<p>We conducted the first assessment of Adélie Penguin chick survival that accounts for imperfect resighting. We found that when chicks are larger in size when they enter the crèche stage (the period when both parents forage at the same time and chicks are left relatively unprotected), they have a higher probability of survival to fledging. We investigated the relationships between growth, crèche-timing, and chick survival during one typical year and one year of reduced food availability. Chicks that hatched earlier in the season entered the crèche stage older, and chicks that both grew faster and crèched older entered the crèche at a larger size. These relationships were stronger in the year of reduced food availability. Thus, parents increased their chicks' chance of fledging if they provided sufficient food for faster growth rates and/or extended the length of the brood-guarding period. Early nest initiation (i.e., early hatching) provided parents with the opportunity to extend the guard period and increase chick survival. However, to extend the guard stage successfully, they must provide larger meals and maintain higher chick growth rates, even if just one parent at a time is foraging, which previous work has shown is not possible for all individuals. We show that the factors governing trade-offs in chick-rearing behavior of Adélie Penguin parents may vary in accord with environmental conditions, a result from which we can better understand species' adaptations to environmental changes.</p>
Data for: Faster growth and larger size at crèche onset are associated with higher offspring survival in Adélie Penguins
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Data from: Adaptive maternal investment in the wild? Links between maternal growth trajectory and offspring size, growth, and survival in contrasting environments
Life history theory predicts that investment per offspring should correlate negatively with the quality of environment offspring are anticipated to encounter; parents may use their own experience as juveniles to predict this environment and may modulate offspring traits such as growth capacity as well as initial size. We manipulated nutrient levels in the juvenile habitat of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to investigate the hypothesis that the egg size maximizing juvenile growth and survival depends on environmental quality. We also tested whether offspring traits were related to parental growth trajectory. Mothers that grew fast when young produced more, smaller offspring than mothers that had grown slowly to reach the same size. Despite their size disadvantage, offspring of faster-growing mothers grew faster than those of slow-growing mothers in all environments, counter to the expectation that they would be competitively disadvantaged. However, they had lower relative survival in environments where the density of older predatory/competitor fish was relatively high. These links between maternal (but not paternal) growth trajectory and offspring survival rate were independent of egg size, underscoring that mothers may be adjusting egg traits other than size to suit the anticipated environment faced by their offspring.
Figure 9 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)
Figure 9. Plumage development of a Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) chick from Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. (A) Camouflaged down plumage (Day 3); (B) appearance of dorsal pinfeathers and primaries (Day 7); (C) dorsal pinfeathers opened (Day 11); (D) primaries opened (Day 15); (E) completely developed immature plumage (Day 21). Photos: CO. BRA/INAU.
Figure 8 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)
Figure 8. Mensural data of the single Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) chick surveyed in August-September 2015 that reached the fledging phase at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil (n = 1; accuracy = ± 0.01 cm). (A) Development of bill length (BL), bill width (BW), and tarsus length (TS) as a function of age (days). (B) Development of total body length (TL) and wing length (WL) as a function of age (days).
Figure 5 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)
Figure 5. Developmental stages of a Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) clutch (nest 4S) at Praia doTotelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, from July to September 2015, with three fertilized eggs revealed by thermal imaging (right); with maximum (Max), minimum (Min), and mean temperature (Ds) inside the nest (white outline). Stages: (A) Day 8, (B) Day 14, and (C) Day 18 (two days before hatching). Note the well-camouflaged eggs inside the nest depression exhibiting some variation in shell pattern (left), with narrow corrugations caused by adults' bills when relocating the eggs. Photos by CO. BRA/INAU.
Figure 4 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)
Figure 4. Mean surface temperatures (Te) of 25 eggs (n = 7 nests) of the Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, during incubation from July to September 2015; not all eggs reached hatching. Confidence intervals are indicated by bars; the regression line (dotted) represents a significant increase between Day 1 and hatching (R² = 0.098, p <0.01, LME).
Figure 3 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)
Figure 3. Thermal images of a Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) nest (12N, white rectangles) at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, taken on the same day (6 September 2015) in the early (05:59 h, A) and late morning (11.45 h, B), showing the mean (Ds), minimum, and maximum nest temperature, surface ground temperature (crosses), and egg surface temperature (within rectangles). Scale on right: color scale associated with the respective temperatures. With a special optical filter water drops were visualized (Blue and red circles outside the nest and next to the three clutch contours) which were taken to the nest by both adults. Note in Fig. B the sand surface temperature of 53.7℃. Photos by CO.BRA/INAU.
Figure 2 in Incubation parameters, offspring growth, and behavioral adaptations to heat stress of Black Skimmers (Rynchops niger) in a Neotropical inland colony (Aves, Charadriiformes, Laridae)
Figure 2. Egg mass development in three surveyed Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger) nests (n = 7 eggs, 84 measurements) until hatching at Praia do Totelão, Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil, throughout the incubation period in July- September 2015. Note that the number of eggs decreased to three toward the end of incubation due to predation. The regression line indicates a negative trend (R² = 0.043, p <0.05, LME) of egg mass over incubation time.
Adaptive effects of parental and developmental environments on offspring survival, growth, and phenotype
<p><span>Phenotypic adjustments to environmental variation are particularly relevant to cope with putative environmental mismatches often imposed by natal dispersal.</span></p> <p><span>We used an inter-generational cross-transplant field-based experiment to evaluate the morphological and physiological effects of parental and post-settlement water flow environments on the orange-fin anemonefish <em>Amphiprion chrysopterus</em> through ontogeny (at pre- and post-settlement stages).</span></p> <p><span>Offspring born from parents under high water flow had an 18% higher caudal fin aspect ratio (</span><span>a compound measure of shape) at the pre-settlement stage, 10% slower growth after settlement, and 55% lower survival after settlement compared to offspring from low-water-flow parents. At the pre-settlement stage, caudal fin length was determined by parental caudal fin length. At the post-settlement stage, fish survived equally well with similar phenotypes in both high- and low-developmental-flow environments. However, results suggest potential developmental phenotypic plasticity in caudal fin length, which increases more under low water flow during development. After settlement growth was the only morphological or physiological trait that was associated with parental water flow, which was lower from parents under high flow, as was survival.</span></p> <p><span>These results give important insights into the parental contribution, both genetic and non-genetic, in determining early offspring phenotype and subsequent growth and survival. Our results also suggest that offspring may possess the flexibility </span><span>to cope with a wide range of local environments including those different from their parents. Overall, the findings of this study show the fitness consequences of living in different environments and the likely trade-offs between parental and offspring fitness in a wild population.</span></p>
Dependence of the azure-winged magpie on nest spatial cues in offspring recognition decreases with nestling growth
<p>Various cues have been identified as the basis for animals' discrimination between kin and non-kin. In altricial birds, these cues show temporal and spatial variations, implying that kin recognition might be condition-dependent. In this study, we hypothesize that parents might be sensitive to the changes in nest spatial position, and that their dependence on the nest spatial cue in offspring recognition decreases with offspring growth. We tested this hypothesis in a Tibetan population of the azure-winged magpie, <i>Cyanopica cyanus</i>, by designing a nest translocation experiment. We found that adults could return to their nest and continue caring for their offspring even if the nest had been moved to a new position. Their sensitivity to the spatial change in nest position not only varied with distance but also relied on the offspring life-history stage. Breeders were more likely to recognize their nest and offspring during the nestling period than during the incubation period, indicating that the dependence of parents on the spatial cue of the nest is higher when offspring are in the form of eggs than in the form of nestlings. Our findings suggest that azure-winged magpies mainly depend on the spatial position of the nest to recognize their nest and offspring. After nestlings establish communication with their parents, their phenotypic characteristics may replace the nests' spatial cue to play a greater role in the offspring recognition of parents.</p>
Effect of parental phenotype on dispersal, growth and maturation of offspring in wild masu salmon
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Adaptive effects of parental and developmental environments on offspring survival, growth, and phenotype
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Data from: Adaptive maternal investment in the wild? Links between maternal growth trajectory and offspring size, growth, and survival in contrasting environments
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Transitions in paternal social status predict patterns of offspring growth and metabolic transcription
Parental effects occur when changes in the parental phenotype or environment cause changes to offspring phenotype. While some parental effects are triggered in response to an environmental cue in a time-locked fashion, other parental effects persist even after the cue has been removed, suggesting multiple timescales of action. For parental effects to serve as reliable signals of current environmental conditions, they should be reversible, such that when the cue changes, offspring phenotypes change in accordance. Social hierarchy is a prevalent feature of the environment, and current parental social status could signal the environment in which offspring will be born. Here, we sought to address parental effects of social status and their timescale of action in mice. We show that competition in seminatural environments affects offspring growth rate. Although dominant males are not heavier than nondominant or control males, they produce faster growing offspring, particularly sons. The timing, effect-size, and sex-specificity of this association are modulated by maternal social experience. We show that a change in paternal social status is sufficient to modulate offspring weight: from one breeding cycle to the next, status-ascending males produce heavier sons than before, and status-descending males produce lighter sons than before. Current paternal status is also highly predictive of liver transcription in sons, including molecular pathways controlling oxidative phosphorylation and iron metabolism. These results are consistent with a parental effect of social experience, although alternative explanations are considered. In summary, changes in paternal social status are associated with changes in offspring growth and metabolism.
Data from: Sperm cryopreservation reduces offspring growth
Sperm cryopreservation is routinely used in reproductive medicine, livestock production, and wildlife management. Its effect on offspring performance is often assumed negligible, but this still remains to be confirmed in well controlled within-subject experiments. We use a vertebrate model that allows to experimentally separate parental and environmental effects to test whether sperm cryopreservation influences offspring phenotype under stress and non-stress conditions, and whether such effects are male-specific. Wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) were stripped for their gametes, and a portion of each male's milt was cryopreserved. Then, 960 eggs were simultaneously fertilized with either non-cryopreserved or frozen-thawed semen and raised singly in the presence or absence of a pathogen. We found no significant effects of cryopreservation on fertilization rates, and no effects on growth, survival, nor pathogen resistance during the embryo stage. However, fertilization by cryopreserved sperm lead to significantly reduced larval growth after hatching. Males varied in genetic quality as determined from offspring performance, but effects of cryopreservation on larval growth were not male specific. We conclude that cryopreservation causes a reduction of offspring growth that is easily overlooked because it only manifests itself at later developmental stages when many other factors affect growth and survival, too.
Data from: Sex roles, parental care and offspring growth in two contrasting coucal species
The decision to provide parental care is often associated with trade-offs, because resources allocated to parental care typically cannot be invested in self-maintenance or mating. In most animals, females provide more parental care than males, but the reason for this pattern is still debated in evolutionary ecology. To better understand sex differences in parental care and its consequences we need to study closely related species where the sexes differ in offspring care. We investigated parental care in relation to offspring growth in two closely related coucal species that fundamentally differ in sex roles and parental care, but live in the same food-rich habitat with a benign climate, and have a similar breeding phenology. Incubation patterns differed and uniparental male black coucals fed their offspring two times more often than female and male white-browed coucals combined. Also, white-browed coucals had more `off-times´ than male black coucals, during which they perched and preened. However, these differences in parental care were not reflected in offspring growth, likely because white-browed coucals fed their nestlings a larger proportion of frogs than insects. A food-rich habitat with a benign climate may be a necessary, but – perhaps unsurprisingly – is not a sufficient factor for the evolution of uniparental care. In combination with previous results (Goymann et al. (2015) J. Evol. Biol. 28, 1335-1353) these data suggest that white-browed coucals may cooperate in parental care because they lack opportunities to become polygamous rather than because both parents were needed to successfully raise all offspring. Our case study supports recent theory suggesting that permissive environmental conditions in combination with a particular life-history may induce sexual selection in females. A positive feed-back loop between sexual selection, body size, and adult sex-ratio may then stabilize reversed sex-roles in competition and parental care.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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