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49 results for “offspring survival”
Pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection increase offspring quality but impose survival costs to female field crickets
<p><span>Whether sexual selection increases or decreases fitness is under ongoing debate. Sexual selection operates before and after mating. Yet, the effects of each episode of selection on individual reproductive success remain largely unexplored. We ask how disentangled pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection contribute to fitness of field crickets Gryllus bimaculatus. Treatments allowed exclusively for i) pre-copulatory selection, with males fighting and courting one female, and the resulting pair breeding monogamously, ii) post-copulatory selection, with </span>females<span> mating consecutively to multiple males, and iii) relaxed selection, with enforced pair monogamy. While standardizing the number of matings, we estimated a number of fitness traits across treatments and show that females experiencing sexual selection were more likely to reproduce, their offspring hatched sooner, developed faster and had higher body mass at adulthood, but females suffered survival costs. Interestingly, we found no differences in fitness of females or their offspring from pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection treatments. Our findings highlight the potential for sexual selection in enhancing indirect female fitness while concurrently imposing direct survival costs. By potentially outweighing these costs, increased offspring quality could lead to beneficial population-level consequences of sexual selection.</span></p>
Data for: Faster growth and larger size at crèche onset are associated with higher offspring survival in Adélie Penguins
<p>We conducted the first assessment of Adélie Penguin chick survival that accounts for imperfect resighting. We found that when chicks are larger in size when they enter the crèche stage (the period when both parents forage at the same time and chicks are left relatively unprotected), they have a higher probability of survival to fledging. We investigated the relationships between growth, crèche-timing, and chick survival during one typical year and one year of reduced food availability. Chicks that hatched earlier in the season entered the crèche stage older, and chicks that both grew faster and crèched older entered the crèche at a larger size. These relationships were stronger in the year of reduced food availability. Thus, parents increased their chicks' chance of fledging if they provided sufficient food for faster growth rates and/or extended the length of the brood-guarding period. Early nest initiation (i.e., early hatching) provided parents with the opportunity to extend the guard period and increase chick survival. However, to extend the guard stage successfully, they must provide larger meals and maintain higher chick growth rates, even if just one parent at a time is foraging, which previous work has shown is not possible for all individuals. We show that the factors governing trade-offs in chick-rearing behavior of Adélie Penguin parents may vary in accord with environmental conditions, a result from which we can better understand species' adaptations to environmental changes.</p>
Data for: Faster growth and larger size at crèche onset are associated with higher offspring survival in Adélie Penguins
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Pre- and post-copulatory sexual selection increase offspring quality but impose survival costs to female field crickets
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Data from: Risk of predation on offspring reduces parental provisioning, but not flight performance or survival across early life stages
<ol> <li>Developmental responses can help young animals reduce predation risk but can also yield costs to performance and survival in subsequent life stages with major implications for lifetime fitness. Compensatory mechanisms may evolve to offset such costs, but evidence from natural systems is largely lacking.</li> <li>In songbirds, increased nest predation risk should favour reduced provisioning, but also young that fledge (leave their nest) at an earlier age. Both responses can result in fledglings with shorter wings, reduced mobility, and decreased survival. Young may compensate for shorter wings developmentally by reallocating resources towards feather development or behaviourally by adjusting flight kinematics or habitat use. However, underfed young may lack the capacity to express these phenotypes due to insufficient resources or an inability to adjust allocation of resources.</li> <li>Using predation risk experiments and 29 years of observational field data, we test whether increased nest predation risk reduces flight performance and survival during the fledgling stage and explore potential mechanisms that might underlie these effects. We show that young from high-risk nests did not leave the nest earlier on average, but wing growth was slower likely due to observed reductions in parental feeding rates. Wings were shorter in high-risk nests when fledglings left the nest early. Yet, fledglings from high-risk nests showed improved flight performance for a given wing length such that flight performance at fledging did not differ between young from high-risk and low-risk nests. Young from high-risk nests may have offset the costs of shorter wings on flight performance by accelerating the emergence of flight feathers from their sheaths to reduce wing porosity, though evidence for this mechanism was mixed. Fledglings from high-risk nests also selected habitat with denser woody vegetation compared with young from low-risk nests.</li> <li>Together, these developmental and behavioural responses seem to mitigate the expected effects of increased nest predation risk on fledgling survival. Ultimately, our results show that offspring predation risk can affect parental provisioning and offspring morphology without major implications for performance and survival in subsequent life stages.</li> </ol>
Quantifying species traits related to oviposition behavior and offspring survival in two important disease vectors
<p>Animals with complex life cycles have traits related to oviposition and juvenile survival that can respond to environmental factors in similar or dissimilar ways. We examined the preference-performance hypothesis (PPH), which states that females lacking parental care select juvenile habitats that maximize fitness, for two ubiquitous mosquito species, <i>Aedes albopictus</i> and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>. Specifically, we examined if environmental factors known to affect larval abundance patterns in the field played a role in the PPH for these species. We first identified important environmental factors from a field survey that predicted larvae across different spatial scales. We then performed two experiments, the first testing the independent responses of oviposition and larval survival to these environmental factors, followed by a combined experiment where initial oviposition decisions were allowed to affect larval life history measures. We used path analysis for this last experiment to determine important links among factors in explaining egg numbers, larval mass, development time, and survival. For separate trials, <i>Aedes albopictus</i> displayed congruence between oviposition and larval survival, however <i>C. quinquefasciatus</i> did not. For the combined experiment path analysis suggested neither species completely fit predictions of the PPH, with density dependent effects of initial egg number on juvenile performance in <i>A. albopictus</i>. For these species the consequences of female oviposition choices on larval performance do not appear to fit expectations of the PPH. </p>
Data from: Adaptive maternal investment in the wild? Links between maternal growth trajectory and offspring size, growth, and survival in contrasting environments
Life history theory predicts that investment per offspring should correlate negatively with the quality of environment offspring are anticipated to encounter; parents may use their own experience as juveniles to predict this environment and may modulate offspring traits such as growth capacity as well as initial size. We manipulated nutrient levels in the juvenile habitat of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar to investigate the hypothesis that the egg size maximizing juvenile growth and survival depends on environmental quality. We also tested whether offspring traits were related to parental growth trajectory. Mothers that grew fast when young produced more, smaller offspring than mothers that had grown slowly to reach the same size. Despite their size disadvantage, offspring of faster-growing mothers grew faster than those of slow-growing mothers in all environments, counter to the expectation that they would be competitively disadvantaged. However, they had lower relative survival in environments where the density of older predatory/competitor fish was relatively high. These links between maternal (but not paternal) growth trajectory and offspring survival rate were independent of egg size, underscoring that mothers may be adjusting egg traits other than size to suit the anticipated environment faced by their offspring.
Do maternal allocations towards offspring quality and quantity ameliorate the effects of predators on offspring survival?
<p>Reproductive allocation is often balanced between the quantity and quality of offspring. Ecological stresses, like exposure to predators, can cause organisms to shift their allocations along this continuum. While the consequences of such plastic shifts for offspring performance are often untested, they are critical to understanding the potential long-term benefits of manipulating predation risk as an agricultural pest management technique. Predation risk induces reductions in egg production and increases in nutritional condition due to maternal provisioning in Colorado potato beetles (<em>Leptinotarsa decemlineata, </em>CPB). Here we tested whether reductions in density or increases in offspring condition, which may increase per-capita larval survival, can compensate for the reduction in total egg production, especially when offspring are exposed to predators. In two field trials, we manipulated the density and condition of larval CPB and measured survival through development to adulthood in field cages with and without predaceous stink bugs (<em>Podisus maculiventris</em>). As expected, cages with the higher initial larval densities had more larvae and adults surviving in the treatments without predators –about 30-50% survival across densities. When predators were present this relationship did not hold because of density-dependent predation. Larval condition interacted with density and impacted larval survival in both trials albeit in different ways. In Trial 1, unprovisioned beetles had higher survival at the higher densities, in Trial 2 provisioned beetles had higher survival across densities.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and Applications:</em> Overall, our test of the effects of predation risk via manipulations of larval density and condition revealed few net compensatory benefits to the prey of reduced density and higher condition. Benefits to the prey of shifts in allocation from the quantity to quality of offspring may depend on factors that influence the strength of density dependence, including predation intensity. Our results suggest a new strategy of taking advantage of the reductions in prey density due to the non-consumptive effects of predators as a pest management approach to protect plants.</p>
Adaptive effects of parental and developmental environments on offspring survival, growth, and phenotype
<p><span>Phenotypic adjustments to environmental variation are particularly relevant to cope with putative environmental mismatches often imposed by natal dispersal.</span></p> <p><span>We used an inter-generational cross-transplant field-based experiment to evaluate the morphological and physiological effects of parental and post-settlement water flow environments on the orange-fin anemonefish <em>Amphiprion chrysopterus</em> through ontogeny (at pre- and post-settlement stages).</span></p> <p><span>Offspring born from parents under high water flow had an 18% higher caudal fin aspect ratio (</span><span>a compound measure of shape) at the pre-settlement stage, 10% slower growth after settlement, and 55% lower survival after settlement compared to offspring from low-water-flow parents. At the pre-settlement stage, caudal fin length was determined by parental caudal fin length. At the post-settlement stage, fish survived equally well with similar phenotypes in both high- and low-developmental-flow environments. However, results suggest potential developmental phenotypic plasticity in caudal fin length, which increases more under low water flow during development. After settlement growth was the only morphological or physiological trait that was associated with parental water flow, which was lower from parents under high flow, as was survival.</span></p> <p><span>These results give important insights into the parental contribution, both genetic and non-genetic, in determining early offspring phenotype and subsequent growth and survival. Our results also suggest that offspring may possess the flexibility </span><span>to cope with a wide range of local environments including those different from their parents. Overall, the findings of this study show the fitness consequences of living in different environments and the likely trade-offs between parental and offspring fitness in a wild population.</span></p>
Why do parents produce small broods of offspring that have lower body mass, survival, and lifetime reproductive success? A case study in a long-lived bird
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Numerous studies have </span><span>examined the correlation between offspring </span><span>quantity</span><span> and quality</span><span>, and many have found that the most common brood size is often smaller than broods with the highest offspring quality or production. However, the reasons why these small broods with lower offspring quality are produced, are still poorly explained. Using data spanning 29 years, we investigated the effects of brood size on nestlings' body mass and the lifetime fitness for those offspring as adults (as proxies of offspring quality) in the Crested Ibis (<em>Nipponia nippon</em>). We also examined the temporal variation of brood size. We found that overall offspring quality increases with brood size and that individuals from broods of three had the highest quality, as quantified by larger body mass, higher adult survival, and lifetime reproductive success. Furthermore, brood size of an individual pair significantly varied across years, and the proportion of broods containing two offspring increased while broods of three decreased after 2000 when the population dispersed to low-quality habitat. These findings indicate that spatiotemporal variation in resources may impact variation in brood size and subsequent fitness consequences, and that small broods are more common in resource-poor years or low-quality habitats. In contrast, parents with access to high-quality resources produce larger broods of nestlings that achieve higher body mass and subsequently experience higher adult survival and lifetime fitness. This study highlights how variation in life history traits can be influenced by resource condition, and provides an insight into particular habitat that need conservation for Crested Ibis.</span></p>
Reproductive aging weakens offspring survival and constrains the telomerase response to herpesvirus in Pacific oysters
<p>These datasets and codes report the impacts of aging on oyster parents and their offspring. We compared proteomic profiles (“parent_proteomic_rawdata.tsv”) of reproductive oysters (12 males and 12 females) of three age classes (young, middle age and old) (“parent_proteomic_design.txt”). We crossbred these adult oysters as described in the paper (DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq2311) to examine the impacts of parental aging on their offspring phenotypes. We explored the effects of reproductive aging on offspring growth (“offspring_growth_dataset.csv”) and survival rate at larval life stage from 0 to 40 days old(“larval_survival.csv”). We also measured spat resistance to OsHV1 in laboratory (“spat_mortality_OsHV1.csv”) and in the field (“spat_mortality_OsHV1_field.csv”), and offspring survival once they attained adulthood (“adult_survival.csv”). In parallel, we assayed intra- and inter-familial telomere length dynamics (“Telomere_dataset.csv”) and telomerase (“Telomerase_dataset.csv”) as described in the manuscript.</p> <p>We also uploaded the R codes used to analyse proteomic data on parents (“ADupoue - Analyses code-Parent proteomic.R”) and the impacts of parental aging on their offspring traits (“ADupoue - Analyses code-Offspring.R”).</p> <p>Finally, we provided the output of Markov Chain Monte Carlo models used to estimate narrow sense heritability in offspring traits (“growth_larvae.rds”, “growth_spat.rds”, “survival_larvae.rds”, “survival_OsHV1_lab.rds”, “survival_adult.rds”, “Telomere_preInf.rds”, “Telomere_postInf.rds”, “Telomerase_preInf.rds”, “Telomerase_postInf.rds”). </p>
Quantifying species traits related to oviposition behavior and offspring survival in two important disease vectors
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Mate desertion affects offspring survival, development and physiology in a songbird with multiple parental strategies
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Developmental timing of flash drought influences offspring survival in the field
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Data from: Risk of predation on offspring reduces parental provisioning, but not flight performance or survival across early life stages
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Adaptive effects of parental and developmental environments on offspring survival, growth, and phenotype
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Data from: Adaptive maternal investment in the wild? Links between maternal growth trajectory and offspring size, growth, and survival in contrasting environments
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Why do parents produce small broods of offspring that have lower body mass, survival, and lifetime reproductive success? A case study in a long-lived bird
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Do maternal allocations towards offspring quality and quantity ameliorate the effects of predators on offspring survival?
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Data from: Maternally-derived anti-helminth antibodies predict offspring survival in a wild mammal
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">The transfer of antibodies from mother to offspring provides crucial protection against infection to offspring during early life. However, few studies have tested the consequences of variation in maternal antibody transfer for offspring fitness in the wild. Further, separating out the immunoprotective effects of antibodies from their association with nutritional resources provided by the mother is difficult. Here, we measured plasma levels of total and parasite-specific antibody levels in neonatal (<10 days old) wild Soay sheep over 25 years to quantify variation in maternal antibody transfer and test its association with offspring survival. Maternal antibody transfer was predicted by maternal age and previous antibody responses, and was consistent within mothers across years. Neonatal total IgG antibody levels were positively related to early growth, suggesting they reflected nutritional transfer. Neonatal parasite-specific IgG levels positively predicted first year offspring survival, independent of lamb weight, total IgG levels and subsequent lamb parasite-specific antibody levels. This relationship was in part mediated via an indirect negative association with parasite burden. We show that among-female variation in maternal transfer of immunity can have long-term effects on offspring growth, parasite burden and fitness in the wild, and is likely to impact naturally-occurring host and parasite dynamics.</p>
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