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Fig. 8 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 8. Box-plot of diameter of initial chambers of Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods. Data from Ruedemann (1912), Balashov (1957), Evans (2005, 2007), Aubrechtová (2015), Kröger (2006, 2007), and Kröger et al. (2009).

Fig. 5 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 5. Drawings of known embryonic shells with initial chambers of Ordovician orthoceratoids (cf. Kröger and Mapes 2007: fig. 4 and Klug et al. 2015: fig. 1.3.). Dotted lines indicate the assumed position of the siphuncle in Arionoceras? sp. and Orthoceratida indet. sp. 2. In Orthoceratida indet. sp. 2, note a sketch of hyposeptal cameral deposits (see the text below and Fig. 7C1). The stratigraphic position of Bactroceras angustisiphonatum and Arionoceras? sp. is either uppermost Lower Ordovician, or lowermost Middle Ordovician (David Evans, personal communication 2019; see also Evans 2005 and 2007). Orthoceratidae gen. et sp. indet B (Kröger 2007) is likely to be conspecific with Transorthoceras osmundsbergense according to Kröger et al. (2011a).

Fig. 6 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 6. Apical and juvenile shell parts of orthoceratid cephalopods; Middle Ordovician, Darriwilian Stage, Šárka and Dobrotivá formations, Czech Republic. A. Bactroceras sandbergeri (Barrande, 1867), MWB S 06823, Volduchy, third phragmocone chamber (estimated based on shell diameter) and adjacent part of body chamber. B. Orthoceratida indet. sp. 4, MWB S 06827, Volduchy, counterpart of initial chamber and adjacent part of phragmocone and one corroded phragmocone septum; note longitudinal striae. C. Orthoceratida indet sp. 5, NM L 59872, Malé Přílepy, counterpart (C1), latext cast C2); note longitudinal striae.

Fig. 3 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 3. Apical shell of the orthoceratoid Bactroceras sandbergeri (Barrande, 1867); Middle Ordovician, lower Darriwilian Stage, Šárka Formation, Czech Republic. A. MWB S 06761, Mýto-Svatoštěpánský rybník, latex cast of one of counterparts in lateral view, note fine, obliquely transverse surface ornamentation. B. MWB S 06762, Mýto-Svatoštěpánský rybník, counterpart (B1) and its latex cast (B2), in lateral view (initial chamber bent towards dorsum). C. MWB S 06763, Rokycany-Díly, internal mould in lateral view, single (adoralmost) phragmocone chamber showing ventrally situated siphuncle (C1), latex cast of the second counterpart (C2).

Fig. 2 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 2. Apical shell parts of the orthoceratoid Bactroceras sandbergeri (Barrande, 1867), Middle Ordovician, lower Darriwilian Stage, Šárka Formation, Czech Republic. A. MWB S 06759, Rokycany-Díly, internal mould in ventral view (A1), with accompanying trilobite Ormatops sp., brachiopod Euorthisina sp., and indeterminate hyolith; detail (A2), note the decrease of apical angle at second phragmocone chamber; latex cast of counterpart in ventral view (A3). B. MWB S 06764, Těškov, internal mould in lateral view, venter on right hand-side (initial chamber bent towards dorsum), initial and second phragmocone chamber preserved as counterpart. C. MWB S 06760, Těškov, latex casts of both sides of counterparts (C1, C2), note suspicious surface structures. D. NM L 59577, Praha-Hanspaulka, latex cast of counterpart.

Fig. 1 in Early ontogenetic growth stages of Middle Ordovician orthoceratoid cephalopods from Bohemia

Fig. 1. Position of Ordovician rocks of the Prague Basin within the Bohemian Massif and the localities from which the herein studied specimens originate see the text below). 1, Praha-Šárka cihelna (brickyard); 2, Praha-Šárka; 3, Praha-Hanspaulka; 4, Malé Přílepy; 5, Lhotka u Berouna; 6, Těškov; 7, MýtoSvatoštěpánský rybník; 8, Rokycany-Díly; 9, Volduchy. Adapted after Manda (2008).

Fig. 5 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 5. The skeletons of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 subadult (IVPP V14748, A; IVPP V18344, B) and adult P. lujiatunensis (IVPP V18343, C) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous.

Fig. 4 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 4. Bone microstructure in juvenile ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of right humerus (IVPP V14341.1, A), right radius (IVPP V14341.6, B), left tibia (IVPP V14341.5, C). Endosteal bone (arrow) showing in the inner most cortex and medullary cavity of right ulna (IVPP V14341.6, D), right radius (IVPP V14341.6, E), right femur (IVPP V14341.1, F), right fibula (IVPP V14341.1, G). Sharpey's fibres (arrows) in left tibia (IVPP V14341.5, H). Photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–C1, H1), elliptically polarized light (A2–C2, D, E, F, G, H2), line drawings (A3–C3) showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green), radial vascular canals (red), and LAGs (brown lines). Abbreviation: ec, erosion cavity.

Fig. 1 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 1. The cluster of hatchling ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 (IVPP V16902) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous.

Fig. 2 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 2. Bone microstructure in hatchling ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 (IVPP V16902.1) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. A–C. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of tibia (A) and details (B, C); photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–C1), elliptically polarized light (A2–C2), crossed plane-polarized light (B3, C3). A3, line drawing showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green) and radial vascular canals (red). Arrows indicate simple primary vascular canals.

Fig. 3 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 3. Bone microstructure in juvenile ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 (IVPP V14341.1) from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. A–C. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of right tibia (A), the outer most cortex (B), the inner most cortex (C); photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–C1), elliptically polarized light (A2–C2), crossed plane-polarized light (B3, C3); line drawing (A3) showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green), radial vascular canals (red), and LAGs (brown lines).

Fig. 6 in Ontogenetic stages of ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus in bone histology

Fig. 6. Bone microstructure in subadult ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis Zhou, Gao, Fox, and Chen, 2006 from western Liaoning, China, Early Cretaceous. Mid-diaphyseal transverse section of right radius (IVPP V18344, A), left femur (IVPP V18344, B), left tibia (IVPP V14748, C), left fibula (IVPP V14748, D, E), left femur (IVPP 18344, F), left tibia (IVPP V18344, G). E–G show the endosteal bone (arrows). Photographs in regular transmitted light (A1–D1), elliptically polarized light (A2–D2, E–G); line drawings (A3–C3) showing longitudinal vascular canals (navy), reticular vascular canals (green), radial vascular canals (red), and LAGs (brown lines). Abbreviation: so, secondary osteons.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Data from: Proteomic fingerprinting enables quantitative biodiversity assessments of species and ontogenetic stages in Calanus congeners (Copepoda, Crustacea) from the Arctic Ocean

Species identification is pivotal in biodiversity assessments, and proteomic fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has already been shown to reliably identify calanoid copepods to species level. However, MALDI-TOF data may contain more information beyond mere species identification. In this study, we investigated different ontogenetic stages (copepodids C1-C6 females) of three co-occurring Calanus species from the Arctic Fram Strait, which cannot be identified to species level based on morphological characters alone. Differentiation of the three species based on mass spectrometry data was without any error. In addition, a clear stage-specific signal was detected in all species, supported by clustering approaches as well as machine learning using Random Forest. More complex mass spectra in later ontogenetic stages as well as relative intensities of certain mass peaks were found as the main drivers of stage distinction in these species. Through a dilution series, we were able to show that this did not result from the higher amount of biomass that was used in tissue processing of the larger stages. Finally, the data were tested in a simulation for application in a real biodiversity assessment by using Random Forest for stage classification of specimens absent from the training data. This resulted in a successful stage-identification rate of almost 90%, making proteomic fingerprinting a promising tool to investigate polewards shifts of Atlantic Calanus species and, in general, to assess stage compositions in biodiversity assessments of Calanoida, which can be notoriously difficult using conventional identification methods.

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Linking individual and species-level leaf traits with ontogenetic development stage to explain tree performance under competition and environmental contexts

To verify how species traits and individual traits link ontogenetic size, external biotic and abiotic factors to influence tree performance. In a temperate natural forest in northeastern China, we measured dynamic performance, size, as well as competition, topography, and soil variables as biotic and abiotic variables for all 1320 trees of 17 species in 62 monitoring plots from 2010-2020. For each individual tree, we also measured five typical functional traits representing leaf size and elemental content: leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen content, and leaf carbon : nitrogen ratios. These traits are not only strongly associated with performance, but trade-offs between traits have previously been shown to express plant acquisitive-conservative strategy characteristics. Reconceptualized based on previous understanding of trait-based approach (Fig. 1). We first tested the direct explanatory effects of species traits and individual traits on performance in multifactorial contexts. We first tested the direct explanatory effects of species traits and individual traits on performance in multifactorial contexts. Subsequently, we analyzed the moderating and mediating effects of these two levels of traits in explaining ontogenetic size, external competition, and environmental influences on performance. The following three questions were posed in response to the results: QI: Do species and individual traits differ in directly explaining performance in a multifactor context that includes ontogenetic size, external biotic and abiotic factors? QII: How species and individual traits explain the effect of ontogenetic size on performance by moderating and mediating effects. QIII: Can traits at the species and individual level influence competition- and environment-performance relationships through trait-based approaches? Does ontogenetic size work jointly with traits at different levels in this process?

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Sex differences in the behavioural traits across ontogenetic stages in a sexually-size dimorphic spider

Selection acts differently on females and males due to differences in potential reproductive rates, driving the evolution of sex differences in traits, including growth and behaviour. Additionally, selection pressures vary during an individual's ontogeny, with growth being crucial in early developmental stages and reproduction during adulthood, leading to age- and sex-specific behavioural strategies. In this study, we investigated a sexually-size dimorphic spider, the raft spider (Dolomedes fimbriatus), where females are substantially larger than males. We repeatedly observed spiders from juvenile to adult stages, examining boldness, voracity towards prey, and probability to attack. Our findings revealed that females exhibited greater boldness, voracity, and probability to back-attack the simulated attacker compared to males. Notably, the observed behaviours changed during ontogeny, with sex differences in the magnitudes and directions of change, indicating distinct life history strategies between sexes. Moreover, we detected positive associations between body mass or age and behavioural traits, supporting a proposed positive feedback loop between assets and behaviour. While mass and age were not significant confounding predictors in the analyses of sex differences in behaviour, some collinearity was present between sex, mass, and age, so that their effects on behavioural differences between sexes cannot be conclusively disentangled. Repeatability of behaviours was low but significant for boldness and probability to attack, with similar estimates between sexes. These results underscore the importance of considering sex-specific life history strategies in behavioural trait studies.

publicSep 2022View details →

Data from: Proteomic fingerprinting enables quantitative biodiversity assessments of species and ontogenetic stages in Calanus congeners (Copepoda, Crustacea) from the Arctic Ocean

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