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Fig. 7 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 7. Ophioculina hoybergia Rousseau & Thuy gen. et sp. nov., paratypes. A–B. Paratype PMO 218.001c. A. Nearly complete specimen (outlined) preserving five arms and the ventral side of the disc, on a concretion slab with an accumulation of specimens. B. Detail view of arm section. C. Paratype PMO 218.048. Articulated ventral disc preserving good details of the oral plates, the second oral tentacle pores and the rows of papillae bordering the genital slit. D–E. Paratype PMO 218.010b. D. Articulated specimen preserving the basal portion of five arms and showing details of the dorsal disc. E. Detail view of arm section. Abbreviations: aos = adoral shield; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; sart = spine articulation; tp = tentacle pore; vap = ventral arm plate; 2otp = second oral tentacle pore.

Fig. 4 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 4. Ophiogaleus sp. PMO 217.899a. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. B. Detail view of the disc area. C. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. D. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra.

Fig. 6 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 6. Ophioculina hoybergia Rousseau & Thuy gen. et sp. nov., holotype PMO 217.930. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of about half of the disc area and the proximal section of three arms. B. Drawing detail of the oral region, from D. C. Detail view of the base of an arm showing the arm comb. D. Detail view of the oral region. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; aopa = apical oral papilla; as = arm spine; gpa = genital papilla; lap = lateral arm plate; lopa = lateral oral papilla; op = oral plate; os = oral shield; v = vertebra; 2opa = papilla of the second oral tentacle pore.

Fig. 2 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau & Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine.

Fig. 5 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 5. Ophiogaleus sp. A–E. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. C. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. D. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. E. Detail view of distal arm segment. F. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate.

Fig. 1. A in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 1. A. Simplified geological map of the study area in Sassenfjorden, central Spitsbergen, with location of the Janusfjellet (1), Konusdalen (2) and Knorringfjellet (3) collection sites. Redrawn and adapted from Dallmann et al. (2001) by H.A. Nakrem, used with permission. B. Chrono- and lithostratigraphic correlation for the Late Jurassic-Earliest Cretaceous interval of central Spistbergen. The Slottsmøya Member is indicated by a star. Modified with permission from Dalseg et al. (2016). C. Janusfjellet locality, 78°20′35.4″ N, 15°49′85.2″ E, surface outcrop. D. Konusdalen locality, 78°19′97.1″ N, 15°52′15.5″ E, in situ layer. E. Knorringfjellet locality, N 78° 18' 04.4" E 16° 16' 02.0", surface outcrop.

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Fig. 2 in A new brittle star from the early Carboniferous of Poland and its implications on Paleozoic modern-type ophiuroid systematics

Fig. 2. Ophiurin brittle star Aganaster jagiellonicus sp. nov. from the upper Tournaisian to lower Visean (lower Carboniferous) Mazurowe Doły Formation, Rudawa Group of Czatkowice quarry, Dębnik Massif, southern Poland; MZUJ T/0282, holotype. A. General view of the specimen, exposing the ventral side (also illustrated by O'Hara et al. 2014). B. Oral skeleton. C. Detail of the oral skeleton; photograph (C1), interpretative drawing (C2). D. Detail of basal arm segments; photograph (D1), interpretative drawing (D2).

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Fig. 1 in A new brittle star from the early Carboniferous of Poland and its implications on Paleozoic modern-type ophiuroid systematics

Fig. 1. Geographical position of the investigated specimen (map after Salata 2013, with modifications).

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Fig. 3 in A new brittle star from the early Carboniferous of Poland and its implications on Paleozoic modern-type ophiuroid systematics

Fig. 3. Ophiurin brittle star Aganaster jagiellonicus sp. nov. from the upper Tournaisian to lower Visean (lower Carboniferous) Mazurowe Doły Formation, Rudawa Group of Czatkowice quarry, Dębnik Massif, southern Poland; MZUJ T/0282, holotype. Detail of ventral side (A); median arm segments, showing the transition from between-plate tentacle pores to within-plate tentacle pores (B); median arm segments in ventro-lateral view (C); proximal arm segments in dorso-lateral view (D).

Fig. 1 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 1. Geological map of the island of Gotland, Sweden, showing mapped lithological units and localities sampled for ophiuroids. Figure modified from Eriksson & Calner (2005) and Thuy et al. (2022).

Fig. 7 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 7. Stratigraphic position of the taxa described in the present paper with their assumed evolutionary relationships and the nesting of the clades Ankhurida clade nov., Ophiovalida clade nov. and Metophiurida Matsumoto, 1913. Note that some lateral arm plates are mirrored to allow comparison in similar orientation.

Fig. 6 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 6. Dissociated lateral arm plates of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiopetagno doro sp. nov, holotype, NRM PAL Ec38341, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. doro, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38342, median lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. O. doro, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38343, distal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. Ophiopetagno sp. 1, NRM PAL Ec38344, proximal to median lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. Ophiopetagno sp. 2, NRM PAL Ec38345, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob.

Fig. 2 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic framework of Gotland, with the stratigraphic positions of localities sampled for ophiuroids alongside identified Silurian events (modified from Eriksson & Calner 2005, with chronostratigraphic ages after Melchin et al. 2020).

Fig. 5 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 5. Dissociated lateral arm plates of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiopetagno bonzo sp. nov, holotype, NRM PAL Ec38336, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. bonzo, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38337, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. Ophiopetagno kansas sp. nov, holotype, NRM PAL Ec38338, proximal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. O. kansas, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38339, median lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. O. kansas, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38340, distal lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. K–L. Ophiopetagno paicei Thuy, Eriksson & Numberger-Thuy, 2022, from Thuy et al. (2022), proximal lateral arm plate in external (K) and internal (L) views. M–N. O. paicei, from Thuy et al. (2022), distal lateral arm plate in external (M) and internal (N) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob.

Fig. 4 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 4. Dissociated lateral arm plates and vertebra of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiolofsson immolation gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38328, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. immolation, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38329, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. Ophiolofsson archspire gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38330, proximal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. O. archspire, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38331, median lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. O. archspire, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38332, distal lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. K–L. Ophiolofsson hendersonorum gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38333, proximal lateral arm plate in external (K) and internal (L) views. M–N. O. hendersonorum, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38334, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (M) and internal (N) views. O–P. O. hendersonorum, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38335, vertebra in lateral (O) and distal (P) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; AS = muscle attachment surface; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; PB = podial basin; SP = spur; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob;WVC = water vessel canal; ZC = zygocondyle; ZS = zygosphene.

Fig. 3 in The beginning of a success story: basalmost members of the extant ophiuroid clade from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden

Fig. 3. Dissociated lateral arm plates of ophiuroids from the Silurian of Gotland. A–B. Ophiolofsson joelmciveri gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38322, proximal lateral arm plate in external (A) and internal (B) views. C–D. O. joelmciveri, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38323, median to distal lateral arm plate in external (C) and internal (D) views. E–F. Ophiolofsson obituary gen. et sp. nov., holotype, NRM PAL Ec38324, median to proximal lateral arm plate in external (E) and internal (F) views. G–H. O. obituary, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38325, proximal lateral arm plate in external (G) and internal (H) views. I–J. O. obituary, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38326, proximal median lateral arm plate in external (I) and internal (J) views. K–L. O. obituary, paratype, NRM PAL Ec38327, distal lateral arm plate in external (K) and internal (L) views. Abbreviations: AGSA = ambulacral groove spine articulations; di = distal; do = dorsal; LSA = lateral spine articulations; TN = tentacle notch; VAK = vertebral articular knob.

Fig. 3 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 3. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Edenian (Upper Ordovician), Cincinnati region. Lectotype, MCZ 108078 (A), and paralectotype, MCZ 108079 (B). A1. Lectotype (dorsal, at left) and additional specimen (ventral, at right). B1. Paralectotype, ventral. A2. Lectotype, dorsal surface of ambulacrals with large interambulacral muscle gaps. B2. Paralectotype, disk spines, and small madreporite (arrow). B3. Section of arm inside disk showing shape of proximalmost ventral ambulacrals.

Fig. 2 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 2. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Edenian (Upper Ordovician) near Covington, Kentucky. ESEM photographs of pyritized tube feet, CMC 25001. A. Broken tube foot preserved in arm outside the disk. B. Close−up of outside surface of tube foot showing subhedral and euhedral crystals; note euhedral octahedra (arrows). C. Close−up of broken cross−section of same tube foot. D. Buccal tentacle inside mouth frame (bt); view is from the axis of the arm into the mouth area; proximal ambulacrals visible at bottom (a); concave mouth angle ossicles (mao) at upper right; mouth angle ossicles with possible spine bearing ridge in upper left (s).

Fig. 5 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 5. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati region (see Appendix 1 for details). A. Previously unfigured specimen of the original suite of specimens described by Ulrich (1878); CMC 25002, ventral. B. Previously unfigured specimen of the original suite of specimens described by Ulrich (1878); CMC 25003, ventral. C. Another specimen that was possibly part of the original suite described by Ulrich (1878); MCZ 108086, ventral. D. Several fragments (arrows) of Protasterina flexuosa preserved among crinoid stems and trilobite fragments, articulated crown of Ectenocrinus simplex (Hall, 1847) near center of slab, CMC P506354. E. CMC P50635; E1, two additional specimens, one dorsal (left), one ventral (right), trilobite fragment in lower right; E2, fine ribbing (arrow) preserved on distal articulation surface of ventral interambulacral muscle field; E3, stellate scales on dorsal surface of disk; E4, ventral surface of ambulacrals immediately outside the disk; E5, partial disarticulation exposed the triangular podial basin floor (arrow) and large interambulacral muscle gaps.

Fig. 4 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 4. Shape of the ventral surface of ambulacrals. The leg is parallel to the median suture; the foot articulates via the toes to the lateral. Proximal is top. A. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878); A1, ambulacrals inside disk and proximal portions of free arms; A2, typical hour−glass shape of ambulacrals beyond the proximal portion of the disk; A3, four proximal ambulacrals for comparison with other taxa, median suture clearly sinuous*. B. Strataster ohioensis Kesling and LeVasseur, 1971 and Eugasterella logani (Hall, 1867), median suture straight to slightly sinuous. C. Bundenbachia beneckei* Stürtz, 1886; median suture straight to slightly sinuous. D. Palaeophiomyxa grandis*(Stürtz, 1886); median suture sinuous. E. Taeniaster spinosus (Billings, 1858); median suture straight to slightly sinuous. F. Bohemura jahni (Jaekel, 1903), Mastigophiura grandis* Lehmann, 1957, and Protaster sedgwickii* Forbes, 1849; median suture straight to slightly sinuous. Taxa marked "*" were reconstructed based on a study of the type material. All other reconstructions are based on published photographs.