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18 results for “opportunity cost”
Data from: Are capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) sensitive to lost opportunities? The role of opportunity costs in intertemporal choice
<p class="western"><span>Principles of economics predict that the costs associated with obtaining rewards can influence choice. When individuals face choices between a smaller, immediate option and a larger, later option, they often experience opportunity costs associated with waiting for delayed rewards because they must forego the opportunity to make other choices. We evaluated how reducing opportunity costs affects delay tolerance in capuchin monkeys. After choosing the larger option, in the <i>High cost</i> condition subjects had to wait for the delay to expire, whereas in the <i>Low cost different</i> condition they could perform a new choice during the delay. To assess the effect of intake rate on choices, the <i>Low cost same</i> condition had the same intake rate ratio as the <i>High cost</i> condition. We found that capuchins attended both to intake rates and to opportunity costs. They chose the larger option more often in the <i>Low cost different</i> and <i>Low cost same</i> conditions than in the <i>High cost</i> condition, and more often in the <i>Low cost different</i> condition than in the <i>Low cost same</i> condition. Understanding how non-human primates represent and use costs in making decisions not only helps to develop theoretical frameworks to explain their choices but also addresses similarities with and differences from human decision making. These outcomes provide insights into the origins of human economic behaviour.</span></p>
Strategic low-cost energy investment opportunities and challenges towards achieving universal electricity access (SDG7) in forty-eight African nations.
<p>This dataset underpins the study "Strategic low-cost energy investment opportunities and challenges towards achieving universal electricity access (SDG7) in forty-eight African nations".</p> <p>The study provides insights into energy supply and demand, power generation, investments and total system costs, SD7 indicators, job creation as well as carbon dioxide emissions for each African nation (48 in total).</p> <p>An energy systems model enhanced with geospatial data was developed to evaluate energy supply requirements to cover the energy needs of the African continent during the period 2015-2030 and achieve universal access by 2030. The model was developed using the open-source modeling system for long-term energy planning OSeMOSYS and the geospatial electrification outlook (GEP). The objective function is to minimise the total energy system costs. </p> <p>The results can be found https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6468262</p>
Strategic low-cost energy investment opportunities and challenges towards achieving universal electricity access (SDG7) in forty-eight African nations
<p>The attached modeling results underpin the study "Strategic low-cost energy investment opportunities and challenges towards achieving universal electricity access (SDG7) in forty-eight African nations".</p> <p>The study provides insights into energy supply and demand, power generation, investments and total system costs, SD7 indicators, job creation as well as carbon dioxide emissions for each African nation (48 in total).</p> <p>An energy systems model enhanced with geospatial data was developed to evaluate energy supply requirements to cover the energy needs of the African continent during the period 2015-2030 and achieve universal access by 2030. The model was developed using the open-source modeling system for long-term energy planning OSeMOSYS and the geospatial electrification outlook (GEP). The objective function is to minimise the total energy system costs. </p> <p>The TEMBA model produces aggregate energy, and detailed power system results in each country in the African continent. The power sector results are also reported with power pool aggregation.</p> <p>The OSeMOSYS model and input data used to produce these results can be found at JoPapp/jrc_temba: v1.0.2 [Data set]. Zenodo.https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6468278 (Authors: Ioannis Pappis. (2021)).</p>
Data from: Are capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) sensitive to lost opportunities? The role of opportunity costs in intertemporal choice
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Costs of delayed mating opportunities, overripening, and mate choice in Killifish
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Data from: Uncertainties in the value and opportunity costs of pollination services
Pollination is an ecosystem service that directly contributes to agricultural production, and can therefore provide a strong incentive to conserve natural habitats that support pollinator populations. However, we have yet to provide consistent and convincing pollination service valuations to effectively slow the conversion of natural habitats. We use coffee in Kodagu, India, to illustrate the uncertainties involved in estimating costs and benefits of pollination services. First, we fully account for the benefits obtained by coffee agroforests that are attributable to pollination from wild bees nesting in forest habitats. Second, we compare these benefits to the opportunity cost of conserving forest habitats and forgoing conversion to coffee production. Throughout, we systematically quantify the uncertainties in our accounting exercise and identify the parameters that contribute most to uncertainty in pollination service valuation. We find the value of pollination services provided by one hectare of forest to be 25% lower than the profits obtained from converting that same surface to coffee production using average values for all parameters. However, our results show this value is not robust to moderate uncertainty in parameter values, particularly that driven by variability in pollinator density. Synthesis and applications. Our findings emphasise the need to develop robust estimates of both value and opportunity costs of pollination services that take into account landscape and management variables. Our analysis contributes to strengthening pollination service arguments used to help stakeholders make informed decisions on land‐use and conservation practices.
Remating opportunities and low costs underlie maternal desertion
<p>Parental care can enhance offspring survival but may impose significant costs to parents. The costs and benefits of care are key to understanding patterns of parental care, where parents can benefit by having their partner increase investment in care, while reducing their own effort. However, investigating the costs and benefits of parental care in wild populations is challenging. Here we use highly detailed behavioural observations in families of a small shorebird, where one parent frequently deserts its offspring, to explore the potential costs and benefits of desertion in a wild population. We firstly show that females desert their broods more frequently than males. Secondly, we investigate the benefits of this frequent female desertion in terms of additional mating opportunities, and the costs of desertion to females in terms of the growth and survival of deserted offspring. Our results indicate that female desertion is favoured by a combination of remating benefits and a lack of costs to brood growth and survival, as abandoned male parents continue to provide care after desertion. Our results shed light on the costs and benefits underlying natural desertion strategies and suggest that female desertion is a fine-tuned behaviour that responds to seasonally changing benefits of desertion.</p>
Data from: The cost of prospecting for dispersal opportunities in a social bird
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Data from: Uncertainties in the value and opportunity costs of pollination services
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Data from: Aging infrastructure creates opportunities for cost-efficient restoration of aquatic ecosystem connectivity
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Remating opportunities and low costs underlie maternal desertion
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Data from: A test for a cost of opportunism in invasive species in the Commelinaceae
Many invasive species can respond opportunistically to favorable growing conditions. In a previous work, we found that invasive species in the family Commelinaceae were more opportunistic than their noninvasive congeners and could therefore outperform noninvasive relatives in an environment with abundant resources and no competition. Contrary to the expectation that superior performance under favorable conditions comes at the cost of reduced performance under stressful conditions, invasive species did not perform more poorly relative to noninvasive congeners under any conditions we examined. Here we expand our search for potential costs of opportunism in invasive species to additional environmental conditions in which invasive taxa have been shown or predicted to perform poorly. We grew four invasive and four noninvasive species in environments consisting of all possible combinations of high and low soil resources and presence and absence of clipping (removal of aboveground biomass). We also fed leaves of each species to a generalist herbivore to assess resistance to herbivory. We found that the advantage of invasive species is reduced but not eliminated by low soil resources and clipping. At low soil resources, invasive species produced softer leaves than noninvasive species and might therefore be less resistant to generalist herbivory than noninvasive species, although a direct comparison of resistance in a no-choice bioassay revealed no difference. The invasive species outperformed noninvasive species only under the most favorable conditions, and the noninvasive species did not outperform the invasive species in any environment.
Data from: Lizards paid a greater opportunity cost to thermoregulate in a less heterogeneous environment
The theory of thermoregulation has developed slowly, hampering efforts to predict how individuals can buffer climate change through behaviour. Mixed results of field and laboratory experiments underscore the need to test hypotheses about thermoregulation explicitly, while measuring costs and benefits in different thermal landscapes. We simulated body temperature and energy expenditure of a virtual lizard that either thermoregulates optimally or thermoconforms in a landscape of either low or high quality (one or four basking sites, respectively). We then compare the predicted values in each landscape with the observed values for real lizards in experimental arenas. Lizards thermoregulated more accurately in the high-quality landscape than they did on the low-quality landscape, albeit only slightly so, but spent similar amounts of energy in these landscapes. Basking, rather than shuttling between heat sources, accounted for the majority of the energy consumed in both landscapes. These results did not support the predictions of our model. In the low-quality landscape, real lizards thermoregulated intensely despite the potential to save energy by thermoconforming. In the high-quality landscape, lizards moved more than expected, suggesting that lizards explored their surroundings despite being able to thermoregulate without doing so. Our results suggest that non-energetic benefits drive thermoregulatory behaviour in costly environments, despite the missed opportunities arising from thermoregulation. We propose that energetic costs associated with thermoregulatory movement will become substantial in homogeneous environments such as flat plains and dense forests. The theory of thermoregulation should incorporate these aspects if biologists wish to predict responses of ectotherms to changing climates and habitats.
Data from: A test for a cost of opportunism in invasive species in the Commelinaceae
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Data from: Lizards paid a greater opportunity cost to thermoregulate in a less heterogeneous environment
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Development of the Oncology Opportunity Cost Assessment Tool
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04694911. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Data from: Using cost-benefit analyses to identify key opportunities in demand-side mitigation
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opportunity costs of iberian vpp on fcr cooperation
<p>Assessing the membership of Portugal and Spain in the FCR Cooperation: TSO costs and VPP revenue, considering opportunity costs</p> <p> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.