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29 results for “opsin expression”
Visual opsin gene expression evolution in the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika
<p>Tuning the visual sensory system to the ambient light is essential for survival in many animal species. This is often achieved through duplication, functional diversification, and/or differential expression of visual opsin genes. Here, we examined 753 new retinal transcriptomes from 112 species of cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika to unravel adaptive changes in gene expression at the macro-evolutionary and ecosystem level of one of the largest vertebrate adaptive radiations. We found that, across the radiation, all seven cone opsins – but not the rhodopsin – rank among the most differentially expressed genes in the retina, together with other vision-, circadian-rhythm-, and haemoglobin-related genes. We propose two new visual palettes characteristic of very shallow- and deep-water living species, respectively, and show that visual system adaptations along two major ecological axes, macro-habitat and diet, occur primarily via gene expression variation in a subset of cone opsin genes.</p>
Visual opsin gene expression evolution in the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika
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Data from: Repeated divergence in opsin genes expression mirrors photic habitat changes in rapidly evolving crater lake cichlid fishes
<div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Selection pressures differ along environmental gradients and organisms' phenotypes. Traits tightly linked to fitness (e.g., the visual system) are expected to closely track environmental variation along gradients. Within such gradients, adaptation to local conditions might be due to heritable and non-heritable, environmentally induced variation. Disentangling these sources of phenotypic variation requires studying, in nature and the laboratory, closely related populations experiencing different environments. The Nicaraguan great and crater lakes show an environmental gradient in photic conditions extending from clear crater lakes to very turbid great lakes. From two old, turbid great lakes, Midas cichlid fish (<em>Amphilophus </em>cf.<em> citrinellus</em>) independently colonized seven isolated crater lakes of varying light conditions, resulting in a small adaptive radiation. We estimated the variation in visual sensitivities along this photic gradient by measuring differential cone opsin gene expression among populations from different lakes. The visual sensitivities observed in all seven derived crater lake populations have not changed randomly but shifted predictably in direction and magnitude, repeatedly mirroring changes in photic conditions. Intrapopulation phenotypic variation decreases as environments become spectrally narrower suggesting different selective landscapes within the gradient. Comparing wild-caught and lab-reared fish revealed that 48% of this phenotypic variation is genetically determined and evolved rapidly. Our results demonstrate deterministic, rapid phenotypic evolution that fine-tunes visual sensitivity to fine-scale environmental variation.</span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText"><span> </span></p> </div> </div> </div>
Data for: Long-wavelength-sensitive (lws) opsin gene expression, foraging and visual communication in coral reef fishes
<p>Coral reef fishes are diverse in ecology and behaviour and show remarkable colour variability. Investigating the visual pigment gene (opsin) expression in these fishes makes it possible to associate their visual genotype and phenotype (spectral sensitivities) to visual tasks, such as feeding strategy or conspecific detection. By studying all major damselfish clades (Pomacentridae) and representatives from five other coral reef fish families, we show that the long-wavelength-sensitive (<em>lws</em>) opsin is highly expressed in algivorous and less or not expressed in zooplanktivorous species. <em>Lws</em> is also upregulated in species with orange/red colours (reflectance >520 nm) and expression is highest in orange/red-coloured algivores. Visual models from the perspective of a typical damselfish indicate that sensitivity to longer wavelengths does enhance the ability to detect the red to far-red component of algae and orange/red-coloured conspecifics, possibly enabling social signalling. Character state reconstructions indicate that in the early evolutionary history of damselfishes, there was no <em>lws</em> expression and no orange/red coloration. Omnivory was most often the dominant state. Although herbivory was sometimes dominant, zooplanktivory was never dominant. Sensitivity to long wavelength (increased <em>lws</em> expression) only emerged in association with algivory but never with zooplanktivory. Higher <em>lws</em> expression is also exploited by social signalling in orange/red, which emerged after the transition to algivory. Although the relative timing of traits may deviate by different reconstructions and alternative explanations are possible, our results are consistent with sensory bias whereby social signals evolve as a correlated response to natural selection on sensory system properties in other contexts.</p>
Oviposition behaviour is not affected by ultraviolet light in a butterfly with sexually-dimorphic expression of a UV-sensitive opsin
<p>Animal vision is important for mediating multiple complex behaviours. In <em>Heliconius</em> butterflies, vision guides fundamental behaviours such as oviposition, foraging and mate choice. Colour vision in <em>Heliconius</em> involves ultraviolet (UV), blue and long- wavelength sensitive photoreceptors (opsins). Additionally, <em>Heliconius</em> possess a duplicated UV opsin, and its expression varies widely within the genus. In <em>Heliconius</em> <em>erato</em>, opsin expression is sexually dimorphic; only females express both UV-sensitive opsins, enabling UV wavelength discrimination. However, the selective pressures responsible for sex-specific differences in opsin expression and visual perception remain unresolved. Female <em>Heliconius</em> invest heavily in finding suitable hostplants for oviposition, a behaviour heavily dependent on visual cues. Here, we tested the hypothesis that UV vision is important for oviposition in <em>H</em>. <em>erato</em> and <em>Heliconius</em> <em>himera</em> females by manipulating the availability of UV in behavioural experiments under natural conditions. Our results indicate that UV does not influence the number of oviposition attempts or eggs laid, and the hostplant, <em>Passiflora</em> <em>punctata</em>, does not reflect UV wavelengths. Models of <em>H. erato</em> female vision suggest only minimal stimulation of the UV opsins. Overall, these findings suggest that UV wavelengths do not directly affect the ability of <em>Heliconius</em> females to find suitable oviposition sites. Alternatively, UV discrimination could be used in the context of foraging or mate choice, but this remains to be tested.</p>
Oviposition behaviour is not affected by ultraviolet light in a butterfly with sexually-dimorphic expression of a UV-sensitive opsin
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Supplemental datasets: Opsin gene expression plasticity and spectral sensitivity in male damselflies could mediate female colour morph detection
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Data from: Repeated divergence in opsin gene expression mirrors photic habitat changes in rapidly evolving crater lake cichlid fishes
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Data for: Long-wavelength-sensitive (lws) opsin gene expression, foraging and visual communication in coral reef fishes
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Data from: Rapid light-induced shifts in opsin expression: finding new opsins, discerning mechanisms of change, and implications for visual sensitivity
Light induced shifts in cone frequency and opsin expression occur in many aquatic species. Yet little is known about how quickly animals can alter opsin expression and, thereby, track their visual environments. Similarly, little is known about whether adult animals can alter opsin expression or whether shifts in opsin expression are limited to critical developmental windows. We took adult wild caught bluefin killifish (Lucania goodei) from three different lighting environments (spring, swamp, variable), placed them under two different lighting treatments (clear vs. tea-stained water), and monitored opsin expression over four weeks. We measured opsin expression for five previously described opsins (SWS1, SWS2B, SWS2A, RH2-1, LWS) as well as RH2-2 which we discovered via 454 sequencing. We used two different metrics of opsin expression. We measured expression of each opsin relative to a housekeeping gene and the proportional expression of each opsin relative to the total pool of opsins. Population and lighting environment had large effects on opsin expression which were present at the earliest time points indicating rapid shifts in expression. The two measures of expression produced radically different patterns. Proportional measures indicated large effects of light on the SWS1 expression whereas relative measures indicated no such effect. Instead, light had large effects on the relative expression of SWS2B, RH2-2, RH2-1, and LWS. We suggest that proportional measures of opsin expression are best for making inferences about color vision, but that measures relative to a house keeping gene are better for making conclusions about which opsins are differentially regulated.
Data from: Effects of light environment during growth on the expression of cone opsin genes and behavioral spectral sensitivities in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
Background: The visual system is important for animals for mate choice, food acquisition, and predator avoidance. Animals possessing a visual system can sense particular wavelengths of light emanating from objects and their surroundings and perceive their environments by processing information contained in these visual perceptions of light. Visual perception in individuals varies with the absorption spectra of visual pigments and the expression levels of opsin genes, which may be altered according to the light environments. However, which light environments and the mechanism by which they change opsin expression profiles and whether these changes in opsin gene expression can affect light sensitivities are largely unknown. This study determined whether the light environment during growth induced plastic changes in opsin gene expression and behavioral sensitivity to particular wavelengths of light in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Results: Individuals grown under orange light exhibited a higher expression of long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsin genes and a higher sensitivity to 600-nm light than those grown under green light. In addition, we confirmed that variations in the expression levels of LWS opsin genes were related to the behavioral sensitivities to long wavelengths of light. Conclusions: The light environment during the growth stage alters the expression levels of LWS opsin genes and behavioral sensitivities to long wavelengths of light in guppies. The plastically enhanced sensitivity to background light due to changes in opsin gene expression can enhance the detection and visibility of predators and foods, thereby affecting survival. Moreover, changes in sensitivities to orange light may lead to changes in the discrimination of orange/red colors of male guppies and might alter female preferences for male color patterns.
Fig. 3 in A study of common scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) visual systems reveals the expression of a single opsin
Fig. 3 Panorpid wing banding in eight taxa. a P. nebulosa. b P. japonica. c P. pryeri. d P. isolata. e P. lewisi. f P. arakavae. g P. gracilis. h P. acuminata (chart generated in Adobe Illustrator)
Fig. 2 in A study of common scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) visual systems reveals the expression of a single opsin
Fig. 2 Maximum likelihood topology (score of −32468.33) generated from UV, blue, and LW opsin genes (image generated in Adobe Illustrator)
Fig. 1 a P in A study of common scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpidae) visual systems reveals the expression of a single opsin
Fig. 1 a P. nebulosa, contributed by Gayle Strickland. b P. hungerfordii, contributed by Ken Sproule. c P. hungerfordii, contributed by Ken Sproule. d P. nebulosa, contributed by Gayle Strickland. e B. coloradensis. f B. coloradensis
Data from: Adult plasticity in African Cichlids: rapid changes in opsin expression in response to environmental light differences
Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to adapt quickly to local environmental conditions and could facilitate adaptive radiations. Cichlids have recently undergone an adaptive radiation in Lake Malawi where they inhabit diverse light environments and tune their visual sensitivity through differences in cone opsin expression. While cichlid opsin expression is known to be plastic over development, whether adults remain plastic is unknown. Adult plasticity in visual tuning could play a role in cichlid radiations by enabling survival in changing environments and facilitating invasion into novel environments. Here we examine the existence of and temporal changes in adult visual plasticity of two closely related species. In complementary experiments, wild adult Metriaclima mbenji from Lake Malawi were moved to the lab under UV-deficient fluorescent lighting; while lab raised M. benetos were placed under UV-rich lighting designed to mimic light conditions in the wild. Surprisingly, adult cichlids in both experiments showed significant changes in the expression of the UV-sensitive single cone opsin, SWS1, in only three days. Modeling quantum catches in the light environments revealed a possible link between the light available to the SWS1 visual pigment and SWS1 expression. We conclude that adult cichlids can undergo rapid and significant changes in opsin expression in response to environmental light shifts that are relevant to their habitat and evolutionary history in Lake Malawi. This could have contributed to the rapid divergence characteristic of these fantastic fishes.
Data from: Teasing apart the many effects of lighting environment on opsin expression and foraging preference in bluefin killifish
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Data from: Effects of light environment during growth on the expression of cone opsin genes and behavioral spectral sensitivities in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
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PAML data from: Evolutionary ecology of the visual opsin gene sequence and its expression in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
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Data from: Rapid light-induced shifts in opsin expression: finding new opsins, discerning mechanisms of change, and implications for visual sensitivity
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Data from: Adult plasticity in African Cichlids: rapid changes in opsin expression in response to environmental light differences
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