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14 results for “opsin gene expression”
Visual opsin gene expression evolution in the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika
<p>Tuning the visual sensory system to the ambient light is essential for survival in many animal species. This is often achieved through duplication, functional diversification, and/or differential expression of visual opsin genes. Here, we examined 753 new retinal transcriptomes from 112 species of cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika to unravel adaptive changes in gene expression at the macro-evolutionary and ecosystem level of one of the largest vertebrate adaptive radiations. We found that, across the radiation, all seven cone opsins – but not the rhodopsin – rank among the most differentially expressed genes in the retina, together with other vision-, circadian-rhythm-, and haemoglobin-related genes. We propose two new visual palettes characteristic of very shallow- and deep-water living species, respectively, and show that visual system adaptations along two major ecological axes, macro-habitat and diet, occur primarily via gene expression variation in a subset of cone opsin genes.</p>
Visual opsin gene expression evolution in the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes of Lake Tanganyika
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Data from: Repeated divergence in opsin genes expression mirrors photic habitat changes in rapidly evolving crater lake cichlid fishes
<div> <div> <div class="msocomtxt"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>Selection pressures differ along environmental gradients and organisms' phenotypes. Traits tightly linked to fitness (e.g., the visual system) are expected to closely track environmental variation along gradients. Within such gradients, adaptation to local conditions might be due to heritable and non-heritable, environmentally induced variation. Disentangling these sources of phenotypic variation requires studying, in nature and the laboratory, closely related populations experiencing different environments. The Nicaraguan great and crater lakes show an environmental gradient in photic conditions extending from clear crater lakes to very turbid great lakes. From two old, turbid great lakes, Midas cichlid fish (<em>Amphilophus </em>cf.<em> citrinellus</em>) independently colonized seven isolated crater lakes of varying light conditions, resulting in a small adaptive radiation. We estimated the variation in visual sensitivities along this photic gradient by measuring differential cone opsin gene expression among populations from different lakes. The visual sensitivities observed in all seven derived crater lake populations have not changed randomly but shifted predictably in direction and magnitude, repeatedly mirroring changes in photic conditions. Intrapopulation phenotypic variation decreases as environments become spectrally narrower suggesting different selective landscapes within the gradient. Comparing wild-caught and lab-reared fish revealed that 48% of this phenotypic variation is genetically determined and evolved rapidly. Our results demonstrate deterministic, rapid phenotypic evolution that fine-tunes visual sensitivity to fine-scale environmental variation.</span></p> <p class="MsoCommentText"><span> </span></p> </div> </div> </div>
Data for: Long-wavelength-sensitive (lws) opsin gene expression, foraging and visual communication in coral reef fishes
<p>Coral reef fishes are diverse in ecology and behaviour and show remarkable colour variability. Investigating the visual pigment gene (opsin) expression in these fishes makes it possible to associate their visual genotype and phenotype (spectral sensitivities) to visual tasks, such as feeding strategy or conspecific detection. By studying all major damselfish clades (Pomacentridae) and representatives from five other coral reef fish families, we show that the long-wavelength-sensitive (<em>lws</em>) opsin is highly expressed in algivorous and less or not expressed in zooplanktivorous species. <em>Lws</em> is also upregulated in species with orange/red colours (reflectance >520 nm) and expression is highest in orange/red-coloured algivores. Visual models from the perspective of a typical damselfish indicate that sensitivity to longer wavelengths does enhance the ability to detect the red to far-red component of algae and orange/red-coloured conspecifics, possibly enabling social signalling. Character state reconstructions indicate that in the early evolutionary history of damselfishes, there was no <em>lws</em> expression and no orange/red coloration. Omnivory was most often the dominant state. Although herbivory was sometimes dominant, zooplanktivory was never dominant. Sensitivity to long wavelength (increased <em>lws</em> expression) only emerged in association with algivory but never with zooplanktivory. Higher <em>lws</em> expression is also exploited by social signalling in orange/red, which emerged after the transition to algivory. Although the relative timing of traits may deviate by different reconstructions and alternative explanations are possible, our results are consistent with sensory bias whereby social signals evolve as a correlated response to natural selection on sensory system properties in other contexts.</p>
Supplemental datasets: Opsin gene expression plasticity and spectral sensitivity in male damselflies could mediate female colour morph detection
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Data from: Repeated divergence in opsin gene expression mirrors photic habitat changes in rapidly evolving crater lake cichlid fishes
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Data for: Long-wavelength-sensitive (lws) opsin gene expression, foraging and visual communication in coral reef fishes
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Data from: Effects of light environment during growth on the expression of cone opsin genes and behavioral spectral sensitivities in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
Background: The visual system is important for animals for mate choice, food acquisition, and predator avoidance. Animals possessing a visual system can sense particular wavelengths of light emanating from objects and their surroundings and perceive their environments by processing information contained in these visual perceptions of light. Visual perception in individuals varies with the absorption spectra of visual pigments and the expression levels of opsin genes, which may be altered according to the light environments. However, which light environments and the mechanism by which they change opsin expression profiles and whether these changes in opsin gene expression can affect light sensitivities are largely unknown. This study determined whether the light environment during growth induced plastic changes in opsin gene expression and behavioral sensitivity to particular wavelengths of light in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Results: Individuals grown under orange light exhibited a higher expression of long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) opsin genes and a higher sensitivity to 600-nm light than those grown under green light. In addition, we confirmed that variations in the expression levels of LWS opsin genes were related to the behavioral sensitivities to long wavelengths of light. Conclusions: The light environment during the growth stage alters the expression levels of LWS opsin genes and behavioral sensitivities to long wavelengths of light in guppies. The plastically enhanced sensitivity to background light due to changes in opsin gene expression can enhance the detection and visibility of predators and foods, thereby affecting survival. Moreover, changes in sensitivities to orange light may lead to changes in the discrimination of orange/red colors of male guppies and might alter female preferences for male color patterns.
Data from: Effects of light environment during growth on the expression of cone opsin genes and behavioral spectral sensitivities in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
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PAML data from: Evolutionary ecology of the visual opsin gene sequence and its expression in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
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Microhabitat partitioning correlates with opsin gene expression in coral reef cardinalfishes (Apogonidae)
<ol> <li>Fish are the most diverse vertebrate group, and they have evolved equally diverse visual systems, varying in terms of eye morphology, number and distribution of spectrally distinct photoreceptor types, visual opsin genes and opsin gene expression levels.</li> <li>This variation is mainly due to adaptations driven by two factors: differences in the light environments and behavioural tasks. However, while the effects of large-scale habitat differences are well described, it is less clear whether visual systems also adapt to differences in environmental light at the microhabitat level.</li> <li>To address this, we assessed the relationship between microhabitat use and visual system features in fishes inhabiting coral reefs, where habitat partitioning is particularly common.</li> <li>We suggest that differences in microhabitat use by cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) drive morphological and molecular adaptations in their visual systems. To test this, we investigated diurnal microhabitat use in 17 cardinalfish species and assessed whether this correlated with differences in visual opsin gene expression and eye morphology.</li> <li>We found that cardinalfishes display six types of microhabitat partitioning behaviours during the day, ranging from specialists found exclusively in the water column to species that are always hidden inside the reef matrix.</li> <li>Species predominantly found in exposed microhabitats had higher expression of the short-wavelength sensitive violet opsin (<i>SWS2B</i>) and lower expression of the dim-light active rod opsin (<i>RH1</i>). Species of intermediate exposure, on the other hand, expressed opsins that are mostly sensitive to the blue-green central part of the light spectrum (<i>SWS2As</i> and <i>RH2s</i>), while fishes entirely hidden in the reef substrate had a higher expression of the long-wavelength sensitive red opsin (<i>LWS</i>).</li> <li>We also found that eye size relative to body size differed between cardinalfish species, and relative eye size decreased with an increase in habitat exposure.</li> <li>Retinal topography did not show co-adaptation with microhabitat use, but data suggested co-adaptation with feeding mode.</li> <li>We suggest that, although most cardinalfishes are nocturnal foragers, their visual systems – and possibly those of other (reef) fishes – have also adapted to the light intensity and the light spectrum of their preferred diurnal microhabitats.</li> </ol>
Microhabitat partitioning correlates with opsin gene expression in coral reef cardinalfishes (Apogonidae)
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A New Model Organism to Investigate Extraocular Photoreception: Opsin and Retinal Gene Expression in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus
GEO Series GSE211842. Paracentrotus lividus. 2 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Expression of Extraocular opsin Genes and Light-Dependent Basal Activity of Blind Cavefish
<p><strong>Background. </strong>Animals living in well-lit environments utilize optical stimuli for detecting visual information, regulating the homeostatic pacemaker, and controlling patterns of body pigmentation. In contrast, many subterranean animal species without optical stimuli have evolved regressed binocular eyes and body pigmentation. Interestingly, some fossorial and cave-dwelling animals with regressed eyes still respond to light. These light-dependent responses may be simply evolutionary residuals or they may be adaptive, where negative phototaxis provides avoidance of predator-rich surface environments. However, the relationship between these non-ocular light responses and the underlying light-sensing Opsin proteins has not been fully elucidated.</p> <p><strong>Methods. </strong>To highlight the potential functions of opsins in a blind subterranean animal, we used the Mexican cave tetra to investigate opsin gene expression in the eyes and several brain regions of both surface and cave-dwelling adults.<strong> </strong>We performed database surveys, expression analyses by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), and light-dependent locomotor activity analysis using pinealectomized fish, one of the high-opsin expressing organs of cavefish.</p> <p><strong>Results. </strong>Based on conservative criteria, we identified 33 opsin genes in the cavefish genome. Surveys of available RNAseq data found 26 of these expressed in the surface fish eye as compared to 24 expressed in cavefish extraocular tissues, 20 of which were expressed in the brain. RT-qPCR of 26 opsins in surface and cavefish eye and brain tissues showed the highest opsin-expressing tissue in cavefish was the pineal organ, which expressed exo-rhodopsin at 72.7 % of the expression levels in surface fish pineal. However, a pinealectomy resulted in no change to the light-dependent locomotor activity in juvenile cavefish and surface fish. Therefore, we conclude that, after 20,000 or more years of evolution in darkness, cavefish light-dependent basal activity is regulated by a non-pineal extraocular organ.</p>
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