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134 results for “orb web”
Figure 1. Species collected from the study area are A in Biodiversity of orb-web spiders (family: araneidae) of buner valley, Pakistan
Figure 1. Species collected from the study area are A: Neoscona theisi;B:Neoscona adianta; C:Neoscona.crucifera; D:Neoscona arabesca; E: Neoscona oaxacensis; F: Argiope pulchella; G:Argiope lobata; H: Argiope trifasciata; I: Argiope aemula; J:Cyclosa insulana; K: Cyclosa conica; L: Cyclosa bifida; M: Araneus mitificus; N: Araneus ellipticus; O: C.citricola; P: C.cicatorsa; Q: E.excelsa; R: L.chloris; S: Poltys spider.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Telaprocera (Araneae: Araneidae), a new genus of Australian orb-web spiders with highly elongated webs.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Telaprocera (Araneae: Araneidae), a new genus of Australian orb-web spiders with highly elongated webs". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/4b7955ee-3859-4b8c-bfb9-e1dc78e948a3">https://bionomia.net/dataset/4b7955ee-3859-4b8c-bfb9-e1dc78e948a3</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/4b7955ee-3859-4b8c-bfb9-e1dc78e948a3">https://gbif.org/dataset/4b7955ee-3859-4b8c-bfb9-e1dc78e948a3</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Figure 7 in Orb-web spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae; Orbiculariae) captured by hunting-wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in an area of Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 7. Eustala sp. 8 resting on vegetation. The spider remains holding a thread connected with the web hub. Scale bar: 1 cm.
Figure 6 in Orb-web spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae; Orbiculariae) captured by hunting-wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in an area of Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 6. Regression between body length and dry weight of six spider genera captured by Trypoxylon albonigrum and/or T. lactitarse (r250.951, P,0.001, n530). 1, Araneus; 2, Alpaida; 3, Wagneriana; 4, Mangora; 5, Parawixia; 6, Eustala.
Figure 4 in Orb-web spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae; Orbiculariae) captured by hunting-wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in an area of Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 4. Comparison between size distribution of spiders collected in Trypoxylon albonigrum nests with spiders belonging to the three most abundant genera in prey availability surveys.
Figure 1 in Orb-web spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae; Orbiculariae) captured by hunting-wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in an area of Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil
Figure 1. (A) Trypoxylon albonigrum nests. (B) Female arriving at the nest site after collecting mud. The male keeps guarding the nest entrance while she is hunting or collecting mud. (C) Spiders stored in a cell. Scale bars: 1 cm.
Orb-web, no web: unusual mating behaviours in an orb-web spider
<p>The evolution of the orb-web was associated with a major radiation in spider diversity. The major functions of orb-webs are prey capture and as substrates for courtship and mating. However, the use of orb-webs has associated costs, and the modification and loss of orb-webs has evolved multiple times. While variation between species is evident, such as reductions in or loss of the orb-web for foraging, this kind of variation within species is rarely seen. Here, I describe laboratory observations of foraging and mating without an orb-web in a typical orb-weaving spider, the Australian garden orb-weaver (Hortophora biapicata). I discuss these behaviours, which are likely cases of opportunistic plasticity, in an ecological and evolutionary context. Further investigation of these rare and unusual behaviours may provide unique insights into the function and origin of important traits associated with the orb-web, and the evolution of extended phenotypes.</p>
Urbanization impacts short- but not long-distance natal dispersal in a common orb web spider
<p>Urban environments represent a theatre for life history evolution. Species able to survive in cities can adapt to the local and often divergent environmental conditions compared to rural or (semi-)natural environments. Dispersal determines establishment, gene flow, and thus the potential for local adaptation. Since habitats in urban environments are highly fragmented, and show substantial turnover, contrasting adaptive effects on dispersal are expected. Fragmentation selects against dispersal while patch turn-over is expected to promote the evolution of dispersal. We here show both processes to act in concert when different scales are considered. Dispersal behavior of juvenile, lab-reared garden spiders from three mid-sized European cities were tested under standardized conditions. While long-distance dispersal showed to be overall rare, short-distance dispersal strategies increased with urbanization at small scales, but declined when urbanization was quantified at large scales. We discuss the putative drivers behind these differences in natal dispersal and highlight its importance for urban evolution and ecology.</p>
Orb-web, no web: unusual mating behaviours in an orb-web spider
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Urbanization impacts short- but not long-distance natal dispersal in a common orb web spider
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Detritus decorations as the extended phenotype deflect avian predator attack increasing fitness in an orb‐web spider
<ol> <li>A number of strategies that divert attacks of visually guided predators, such as birds, have evolved multiple times in animals. Detritus web decorations built by certain orb-web spider species are thought to deflect avian predator attacks away from spiders and towards their web decorations. Still, empirical evidence for this function and its adaptive significance is lacking. The orb-web spider, <i>Cyclosa monticola</i>,<i> </i>adorns its web using a linear detritus decoration consisting of moults, egg sacs, prey remains, and leaf litters.</li> <li>In the present study, we investigated whether detritus decorations constructed by <i>C. monticola</i> spiders<i> </i>divert attacks of avian predators away from spiders. We first employed colour modelling to compare spider bodies and detritus decoration colouration from the perspective of domestic chicks and blue tits. We then experimentally tested the deflection hypothesis in the laboratory using naïve chicks as predators. We put the chicks in a cage containing a web either with (S+) or without (S-) a spider and either with (D+) or without (D-) detritus decoration (a total of four types of webs: S+D+, S+D-, S-D+, and S-D-) under both natural habitat background and white background. </li> <li>We found that the colour of <i>C. monticola</i> spiders is indistinguishable from that of their detritus decorations for both chicks and blue tits with both backgrounds. Laboratory predation experiments showed that with both backgrounds, chicks attacked the spiders much less frequently when their decorations were present on the webs (S+D+; natural habitat: 20%, white background: 30%) than when their decorations were absent (S+D-; natural habitat: 95%, white background: 85%), resulting in greater spider survival advantage. </li> <li>We also found that the rate of attack of spiders and their decorations was not random; the decorations were more likely to be attacked than spiders, regardless of the ratio of surface area of decorations to spider bodies when both spiders and decorations were presented (S+D+). Therefore, our results support a deflection, rather than concealment hypothesis for web decorations.</li> <li>In conclusion, our study provides evidence that the extended phenotypes beyond the animal bodies, can divert avian predator attacks, therefore, may improve the fitness of animals.</li> </ol>
Web wars: Males of the golden orb-web spider invest more in fights for mated and aggregated females
<p>In addition to resource value, the cost of finding mates may affect how much males invest in fights for females. The cost of finding females may be imposed through natural factors extrinsic to males, such as female spatial distribution and predation pressure, which can be challenging to simulate in laboratory conditions. Therefore, studies under natural conditions may be suitable for understanding how the costs of finding mating partners affect male investment in fights. We used the spider <i>Trichonephila clavipes </i>to evaluate the hypotheses that males in field conditions invest more in contests for access to (1) unmated and (2) more fecund females, and (3) when access to females is harder. To test these hypotheses, we recorded the occurrence, duration and escalation of induced contests between males located in webs of females that differed in reproductive status (estimated by female life stage), fecundity (estimated by female abdominal area) and spatial distribution (i.e. isolated or aggregated with webs of other females). The occurrence and duration of contests were unrelated to female value or search costs. However, the probability for escalation was higher when males were fighting for adult (and probably mated) females. We also found that males tended to start a contest more often in aggregated webs. These results indicate that males of <i>T. clavipes</i> adjust investment in contests, but contrarily to what we expected. We suggest males invest more in contests for adult females because they are defending females that they previously fertilized to avoid sperm competition.</p>
Figure 22 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India
Figure 22. Moulting by orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae). 1, Female Nephila Leach 1815 moulting from dragline. 2, Detail of (1) showing smaller male in mating position. The genus Nephila is sometimes placed in the Nephilidae. 3-4, Neoscona Simon 1864 moulting from dragline. 5-6, Parawixia F. O. Pickard-Cambridge 1904 moulting from dragline. 7-8, Male Argiope bruennichi (Scopoli 1772) waiting for a moulting female (7) and then mating with that female (8) as she was hanging beneath her exuvium before her cuticle darkened or hardened. The condition of a newly-moulted female may reduce the vulnerability of the male to her attack (Uhl et al. 2015). Photos 1-2 by Vipin Baliga (Karnataka). Photos 3-6 by Abhijith A. P. C. (Karnataka). Photos 7-8 by Uhl et al. (2015), adapted and used under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Figure 21 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India
Figure 21. Moulting by wandering spiders. 1, Female Phidippus putnami (Peckham & Peckham 1883) (Salticidae). The thick moulting sac was opened to observe this spider. 2, cf. Carrhotus Thorell 1891 (Salticidae) with exuvium in thin moulting sac. 3-4, Two different Epeus Peckham & Peckham 1886 (Salticidae) with exuviae, in thin moulting sacs under leaves. 5, Heteropoda Latreille 1804 (Sparassidae) moulting from dragline. 6, Olios milleti (Pocock 1901) (Sparassidae) moulting from dragline. 7, Hamadruas Deeleman-Reinhold 2009 (Oxyopidae) with exuvium beneath leaf. 8-11, Sequence showing Oxyopes shweta Tikader 1970 (Oxyopidae) molting from dragline. Photo (1) by David E. Hill (South Carolina). Photos (2-11) by Abhijith A. P. C. (Karnataka).
Figure 20 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India
Figure 20. Observations of Vailimia sp. indet. in Goa. 1-2, Two views of spider resting on its silk platform. 3, Spider after it has separated itself from the exuvium by descending on its dragline. The exuvium maintained its hold on the dragline with legs IV. 4-5, Closer views from (3). 6, Detail showing this spider extending and inflating its legs while suspended. All observations and photographs by Aditya Naik, used with permission.
Figure 19 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India
Figure 19 (continued from previous page). 3-14, 31-34, Two sets of sequential frames showing how this spider turned around the hub of its orb-web to deposit the silk that comprised its resting platform (only visible in 32). Extension of the spinnerets can be seen in some of these frames (6, 8, 10, 12). This construction activity resembles the early stages of construction of an araneid orb-web (proto-hub and proto-radii).
Figure 19 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India
Figure 19 (continued on next page). Sequential positions (1-34) occupied by a salticid (Vailimia sp. indet.) as it constructed its retreat in Kasaragod, Kerala, taken from a 59.94 fps video record produced by Prasantha Krishna. At top selected frames from this sequence are composited to show movement from the end of one radius down to the hub (1-15), then movement down and to the stem from the hub with a trailing dragline (15-19), attachment of the dragline to anchor a new radius (22, arrow), followed by return to the hub while climbing beneath the new radius (25-28). 20-24, Individual frames showing trailing dragline as it was extended from the hub (20), hold on that dragline with the claws of leg RIV (21), first movement onto the attached (arrow) dragline (23), and the beginning of a rapid climb back to the hub (24).
Figure 18 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India
Figure 18. Salticid (Vailimia sp. indet.) with retreat. 1-2, Spider resting on its hub platform at night. 3, Detail of (1). 4, Empty hub on the next day. This retreat was constructed on a tree at a height of ~1.6-2 m above the ground and was only occupied at night. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.
Figure 15 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India
Figure 15. Vailimia sp. indet. resting on their vertical platforms at night. 1-3, Spider resting on its platform at night. 2, Detailed view of this spider from (1). 3, Enhanced contrast image based on (1), showing layout of the hub and radii. 4, Detailed anterior view of salticid shown in Figure 4. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.
Figure 14 in Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India
Figure 14 (continued on next page). Vailimia sp. indet. resting on its vertical platform at night (1), and views of the empty platform on the next day (2-4), when the spider could not be found in the vicinity. A small packet that might represent the remains of insect can be seen near the spider, attached to the hub, but there was no sign that the web, not sticky or adhesive, played a role in prey capture. This spider jumped and moved to nearby branches when the web was disturbed. Photographed in Kasaragod, Kerala by Prasantha Krishna.
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