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6 results for “overwintering strategy”
Overwintering strategies and life-history traits of different populations of Aphidius platensis along a latitudinal gradient in Chile
<p>The onset of an overwintering strategy to overcome cold temperatures of a species of ectotherms can include<br> remaining active or entering diapause. This in turn will depend on the relative costs of each strategy and therefore, could differ among populations along a latitudinal gradient. Thus, expecting higher levels of diapause in the coldest conditions and a higher incidence of individuals remaining active in the warmest conditions. We assessed the insect responses to photoperiod and temperature, in five Chilean populations of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius platensis. We analysed the variation in winter temperature along the latitudinal gradient and, under controlled conditions, examining the potential effects of three constant conditions of photoperiod/temperature: 8:16LD (Light: Dark, hours) at 10°C, 10:14LD at 14°C, and 16:8LD at 20°C, on diapause levels. Finally, we measured cold tolerance (CTMin), developmental time, fresh body mass and size, fat and water content, and egg load for the emerging parasitoids. Our results showed no clear latitudinal gradient in temperature but differences among sites were clear. None of the five populations of A. platensis expressed diapause at any tested condition, suggesting that the environmental thresholds for diapause induction are perhaps not reached in this species under the studied latitudes. Insects from the coldest point in the gradient (Pinto) showed the lowest CTMin suggesting local adaptation. Moreover, physiological and life-history traits seem to adjust rapidly through developmental thermal acclimation, showing that plasticity is involved in the parasitoid’s responses to the temperature differences found among localities. Consequently, both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity contribute to this species remaining active during the whole<br> winter, being an effective strategy to diapause in relatively mild and stable thermal environments.</p>
Data from: Overwintering strategies of migratory birds: a novel approach for estimating seasonal movement patterns of residents and transients
1. Our understanding of movement patterns in wildlife populations has played an important role in current ecological knowledge, and can inform landscape conservation decisions. Direct measures of movement can be obtained using marked individuals, but this requires tracking individuals across a landscape or multiple sites. 2. We demonstrate how movements can be estimated indirectly using single-site, capture–mark–recapture (CMR) data with a multistate open robust design with state uncertainty model (MSORD-SU). We treat residence and transience as two phenotypic states of overwintering migrants, and use time- and state-dependent probabilities of site entry and persistence as indirect measures of movement. We applied the MSORD-SU to data on eight species of overwintering Neotropical birds collected in 14 countries between 2002 and 2011. In addition to entry and persistence probabilities, we estimated proportions of residents at a study site, and mean residence times. 3. We identified overwintering movement patterns and residence times that contrasted with prior categorizations of territoriality. Most species showed evidence of residents entering sites at multiple time intervals, with transients tending to enter between peak resident movement times. Persistence and the proportion of residents varied by latitude, but were not always positively correlated for a given species. 4. Synthesis and applications: Our results suggest that migratory songbirds commonly move among habitats during the overwintering period. Substantial proportions of populations appear to be comprised of transient individuals, and residents tend to persist at specific sites for relatively short periods of time. This information on persistence and movement patterns should be explored for specific habitats to guide landscape management on the wintering grounds, such as determining which habitats are conserved or restored as part of certification programs of tropical agroforestry crops. We suggest that research and conservation efforts on Neotropical migrant songbirds focus on identifying landscape configurations and regional habitat networks that support these diverse overwintering strategies to secure full life cycle conservation.
Figure 1 in Effective strategy of the overwintering of semiaquatic bugs: overwintering of Velia caprai (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae)
Figure 1. Number of chorionated eggs per female within the locality NH2 from October to April. There were no significant differences among samples (one-way analysis of variance, F(2, 29)50.02928, p50.97117).
Figure 2 in Effective strategy of the overwintering of semiaquatic bugs: overwintering of Velia caprai (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae)
Figure 2. Activity of Velia caprai (experimental group A) in the glasshouse through the winter. Activity was usually high when water temperatures were above 8°C. No activity was observed when temperatures were below 2°C. Active bugs were removed from 27 February. The activity was similar within other groups.
Data from: Overwintering strategies of migratory birds: a novel approach for estimating seasonal movement patterns of residents and transients
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Figure 3 in Effective strategy of the overwintering of semiaquatic bugs: overwintering of Velia caprai (Heteroptera: Gerromorpha: Veliidae)
Figure 3. Number of chorionated eggs per female from different experimental groups. There are significant differences among groups (one-way analysis of variance, F(5,75)546.6589, p,1029). Groups active A and B differ significantly from groups E and C (according to Tukey's multiple comparison, for details see Table 3).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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