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F I G U R E 7 in Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

F I G U R E 7 Model prediction of the proportion of juvenile Atlantic salmon choosing to smolt as 1-year-olds (full saturation, black = historical, green = SSP1-RCP2.6, orange = SSP3-RCP7.0, and red = SSP5-RCP8.5), 2-year-olds (medium saturation, black = historical, green = SSP1-RCP2.6, orange = SSP3-RCP7.0, and red = SSP5-RCP8.5), and 3-year-olds (low saturation, black = historical, green = SSP1-RCP2.6, orange = SSP3-RCP7.0, and red = SSP5-RCP8.5). The red line is the point of reaction norm calibration to Piggins and Mills (1985).

F I G U R E 5 in Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

F I G U R E 5 Ensemble average daily water temperature by day of year for the future projections under the three shared socioeconomic pathways and representative concentration pathways (SSP1-RCP2.6 left, SSP5-RCP7.0 middle, and SSP5-RCP8.5 right). Each line represents the day of year average temperature for the climate forcing ensemble with colors transitioning from blue to red toward the end of the century (starting with 2020 and ending with 2100). The lower dashed line represents the lower growth threshold temperature of 7 C, and the upper dashed line represents the upper growth threshold temperature for 23 C (Elliott & Hurley, 1997).

F I G U R E 6 Projected change between 1960 and 2100 in Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

F I G U R E 6 Projected change between 1960 and 2100 in length-at-smoltification decision (a, b, and c), length-at-smoltification as 1-year-olds (d, e, and f), and length-at-smoltification as 2-year-olds (g, h, and i) under the three shared socioeconomic pathways and representative concentration pathways: SSP1-RCP2.6 (green), SSP3-RCP7.0 (orange), and SSP5-RCP8.5 (red) for juvenile Atlantic salmon in the Burrishoole. The gray-shaded area represents the historical reference (2000 to 2020), and the red vertical line represents the historical average.

F I G U R E 4 in Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

F I G U R E 4 Generalized linear model of body length (mm) as a function of cumulative growing degree days (CGDD, C day) for the 23 observed cohorts of juvenile Atlantic salmon in the Burrishoole watershed. The solid line represents the mean length, and the gray bands represent the 95% prediction interval. The outer lines represent the sample density.

F I G U R E 3 in Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

F I G U R E 3 The residual error between observed and predicted water temperature (top panel), and the in-situ water temperature (black line) and long short-term memory neural network water temperature prediction (red crosses) for the training (1961–1994) and validation (1995–2019) dataset in the Mill Race (bottom panel). Years excluded due to accumulation of internal sate (green), prolonged periods of missing data (blue shaded), and measurement error (red shaded) are shown in the top panel, and the delineation of the training and validation period is shown by the vertical dashed line in both panels.

F I G U R E 2 in Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

F I G U R E 2 The four-step model workflow for quantitatively estimating length-at-age and life history of juvenile Atlantic salmon in response to climate change. Step 1 describes the collation of necessary data and construction of the water temperature model. Step 2 details the data preparation and construction of the length-at-age model for juvenile Atlantic salmon. Step 3 shows the coupling of the ISIMIP phase 3B projections to the water temperature model, and the subsequent coupling with the length-at-age model. Step 4 shows the post-processing of length-at-age projections to estimate smoltification probability and proportion of 1-, 2- and 3-year-old smolts. Shapes are according to ISO 5807 standard.

F I G U R E 1 in Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

F I G U R E 1 Location of electrofishing sites (green circles) and fish traps (red circles) in the Burrishoole catchment, Co. Mayo, Ireland.

publicNov 2025View details →

dryad40/100

Data from: Pace and shape of life differences drive invasion trajectory in introduced lizards in Hawaii

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zenodo36/100

Code and source data for the paper: Global warming leads to larger bats with a faster life history pace in the long-lived Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii)

Contains two R scripts necessary to perfom the analysis for the paper "Global warming leads to a faster life history pace in the long-lived Bechstein’s bat (Myotis bechsteinii)" <ul> <li>1st Script (" Script_analysis paper_bodysize_AFR_fecundity_LRS_GAMs_revised": Descriptive statistics, calculation of all GAMs and code for figure 1, 2 and 3</li> <li>2nd Script (" Script_size specific generation times"): Calculation of reproductive and mortality rates, calculation of generation time and population growth rates (lambda) as well as code for figure 4 and 5</li> </ul> And also .csv files with the data points of all figures.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Pace-of-life syndrome: linking personality, metabolism and colour ornamentation in male guppies

Within populations, there commonly exists consistent among-individual differences in behaviour. As a potential mechanism maintaining this variation, the pace-of-life-syndrome (POLS) hypothesis posits that consistent differences in the behaviour of individuals (i.e. 'personality') are intercorrelated and have coevolved with consistent individual differences in metabolism and life-history traits. Here, using adult male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, we tested under laboratory conditions (1) whether behavioural and metabolic traits vary consistently among individuals over time (≤ 7 days) and (2) the POLS prediction that repeatable behavioural traits should be intercorrelated with each other and with repeatable metabolic rate at the among-individual level. Furthermore, based on indicator models of sexual selection, we expected that sexually selected male colour ornamentation would predict individual personality and metabolic rate. We repeatedly assayed three behavioural traits (sociability, boldness, exploration) and three metabolic traits (resting metabolic rate, maximal metabolic rate, aerobic scope) in a set of males that varied in body size and colour ornamentation. All behavioural trait measures were repeatable, consistent with individual personality. Of the three metabolic traits, only resting metabolic rate (RMR) was repeatable. Behavioural trait measures were significantly intercorrelated and thus integrated in a behavioural syndrome. More 'proactive' males were bolder, more exploratory and more sociable than 'reactive' ones. However, contrary to the POLS hypothesis, RMRwas not significantly correlated with any of the behavioural trait measures, suggesting that consistent individual differences in RMR do not drive or support differences in personality, or vice versa. Male colour ornamentation did not covary with behaviour or RMR and thus does not appear to be a reliable predictor of either behavioural or metabolic phenotypes. We therefore did not find any compelling support for the POLS hypothesis, suggesting that individual differences in metabolism do not underlie the evolution and maintenance of among-individual behavioural variation in our study population.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Pace-of-life syndrome: linking personality, metabolism and colour ornamentation in male guppies

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publicSep 2022View details →

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Thermal physiology: a new dimension of the pace-of-life syndrome

1) Current syndrome research focuses primarily on behavior with few incorporating components of physiology. One such syndrome is the Pace-of-Life Syndrome (POLS) which describes covariation between behaviour, metabolism immunity, hormonal response, and life history traits. Despite the strong effect temperature has on behavior, thermal physiology has yet to be considered within this syndrome framework. 2) We proposed the POLS to be extended to include a new dimension, the cold-hot axis. Under this premise, it is predicted that thermal physiology and behavior would covary whereby individual positioning along the thermal continuum would coincide with that of the behavioral continuum. 3) This hypothesis was tested by measuring thermal traits of delicate skinks (Lampropholis delicata) and linking it to their behavior. Principal components analysis and structural equation modelling were used to determine if traits were structured within the Pace-of-Life Syndrome (POLS) and to characterize the direction of their interactions. 4) Model results supported the inclusion of the cold-hot axis into the POLS and indicated that thermal physiology was the driver of this relationship, in that thermal traits either constrained or promoted activity, exploration, boldness, and social behavior. 5) This study highlights the need to integrate thermal physiology within a syndrome framework.

Data from: Urbanization drives genetic differentiation in physiology and structures the evolution of pace-of-life syndromes in the water flea Daphnia magna

Natural and human-induced stressors elicit changes in energy metabolism and stress physiology in populations of a wide array of species. Cities are stressful environments that may lead to differential selection on stress-coping mechanisms. Given that city ponds are exposed to the urban heat island effect and receive polluted run-off, organisms inhabiting these ecosystems might show genetic differentiation for physiological traits enabling them to better cope with higher overall stress levels. A common garden study with 62 Daphnia magna genotypes from replicated urban and rural populations revealed that urban Daphnia have significantly higher concentrations of total body fat, proteins, and sugars. Baseline activity levels of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were higher in rural compared to city populations, yet urban animals were equally well protected against lipid peroxidation. Our results add to the recent evidence of urbanisation-driven changes in stress physiology and energy metabolism in terrestrial organisms. Combining our results with data on urban life history evolution in Daphnia revealed that urban genotypes show a structured pace-of-life syndrome involving both life history and physiological traits, whereas this is absent in rural populations.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Metabolic rate covaries with fitness and the pace of the life history in the field

Metabolic rate reflects the 'pace of life' in every organism. Metabolic rate is related to an organism's capacity for essential maintenance, growth and reproduction—all of which interact to affect fitness. Although thousands of measurements of metabolic rate have been made, the microevolutionary forces that shape metabolic rate remain poorly resolved. The relationship between metabolic rate and components of fitness are often inconsistent, possibly because these fitness components incompletely map to actual fitness and often negatively covary with each other. Here we measure metabolic rate across ontogeny and monitor its effects on actual fitness (lifetime reproductive output) for a marine bryozoan in the field. We also measure key components of fitness throughout the entire life history including growth rate, longevity and age at the onset of reproduction. We found that correlational selection favours individuals with higher metabolic rates in one stage and lower metabolic rates in the other—individuals with similar metabolic rates in each developmental stage displayed the lowest fitness. Furthermore, individuals with the lowest metabolic rates lived for longer and reproduced more, but they also grew more slowly and took longer to reproduce initially. That metabolic rate is related to the pace of the life history in nature has long been suggested by macroevolutionary patterns but this study reveals the microevolutionary processes that probably generated these patterns.

Data from: Pace of life syndrome under warming and pollution: integrating life history, behavior and physiology across latitudes

To fully comprehend and predict the impact of drivers of global change such as climate warming and pollution, integrated multi-trait approaches are needed. As organismal traits are often correlated, responses to stressors are expected to induce coordinated changes in many traits. A promising framework to study this is the pace-of-life syndrome (POLS), which predicts the integration of life-history, behavioral and physiological traits along a fast-slow continuum. Using an integrative multi-trait approach we evaluated the presence of a POLS both within and across latitudes and how POLS patterns are affected by warming and metal pollution. We studied this in Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae of replicated low-and high latitude populations that strongly differ in voltinism (3-4 generations per year vs. 1 every two years) reared in a common-garden experiment at two temperatures. Across latitudes, life history, behavior and physiology covaried in accordance with the POLS, with the fast-paced low-latitude damselflies characterized by a fast growth rate, high activity and more explorative and risk taking behavior, fast metabolic rate and low investment in immune function (activity of phenoloxidase). This fast POLS strategy was associated with a higher sensitivity to metal exposure and a higher vulnerability to predation. Warming caused opposite responses between the latitudes consistent with differential thermal adaptation in growth rate, behavior and oxidative stress parameters. Despite this, damselflies of both latitudes showed a consistent pattern in phenotypic correlations among traits that, moreover was not affected by warming and metal exposure. Within latitudes there was no full support for the POLS. More active larvae were more explorative and risk taking, which aligned with the fast-slow life-history axis, but less strong than at the across-latitude level. Physiological traits were also integrated within latitudes, yet there was no unambiguous coupling with the fast-slow life-history continuum. The consistent syndrome structure, if underpinned by genetic correlations, may restrict the independent evolution of individual traits, yet may not necessarily constrain adaptive evolution of integrated trait sets. This is because the covariance pattern was to a large extent similar across latitudes and within latitudes, suggesting adaptive trait integration guiding adaptive evolution of trait sets along the fast-slow continuum.

Data from: Paceless life? a meta-analysis of the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis

The pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis predicts that individual differences in behaviour should integrate with morphological, physiological, and life-history traits along a slow to fast pace-of-life continuum. For example, individuals with a "slow" pace-of-life are expected to exhibit a slower growth rate, delayed reproduction, longer lifespans, have stronger immune responses, and are expected to avoid risky situations relative to "fast" individuals. If supported this hypothesis would help resolve ecological and evolutionary questions regarding the origin and maintenance of phenotypic variation. Support for the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis has, however, been mixed. Here we conducted a meta-analysis of 42 articles and 179 estimates testing the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis as it applies to the integration of behaviours with physiological or life-history traits. We found little overall support for the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis with the mean support estimated as r = 0.06. Support for the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis was significantly higher in invertebrates (r = 0.23) than vertebrates (r = 0.02) and significantly higher when based on phenotypic (r = 0.10) versus genetic correlations (r = -0.09). We also found that females exhibited correlations between behaviour and life-history and physiology that were opposite the predictions of the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis (r = -0.16) and that these correlations significantly differed from those observed in males (r = 0.01) or males and females pooled (r = 0.12). It was also the case that there was little support for the hypothesis when life-history and physiological traits were independently analysed (behaviour × life-history: r = 0.12; behaviour × physiology: r = 0.04). Exploratory post-hoc analyses revealed that correlations of behaviour with growth rate and hormone levels were more likely to show support for the predictions of the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis. The lack of overall support found in our analyses suggests that general assertions regarding phenotypic integration due to "pace-of-life" and should be re-evaluated.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Basal metabolism in tropical birds: latitude, altitude, and the "pace of life"

1. Life history varies across latitudes, with the 'pace of life' being 'slower' in tropical regions. Because life history is coupled to energy metabolism via allocation tradeoffs and links between performance capacity and energy use, low metabolic intensity is expected in tropical animals. Low metabolism has been reported for lowland tropical birds, but it is unclear if this is due to 'slow' life history or to a warm, stable environment. 2. We measured Basal Metabolic Rates (BMR) of 253 bird species across a 2.6 km altitude gradient in Peru. We predicted higher BMR at high altitude due to lower temperatures leading to elevated thermoregulatory costs. We also tested for BMR differences between widely separated tropical regions (Peru and Panama), and between tropical- and temperate-breeding birds. 3. We found no effect of altitude on BMR in Peruvian species and no difference in BMR between Peruvian and Panamanian birds, suggesting that BMR in Neotropical birds is consistent and independent of environmental temperature. In a dataset encompassing more than 500 species, tropical birds had significantly lower BMR than temperate-breeding birds. 4. In contrast to several recent analyses, we found higher BMR in passerine birds than in non-passerines, independent of breeding latitude. 5. Breeding latitude affects BMR, but diversity in avian life history within and between temperate and tropical regions may explain some of the residual variation in BMR after accounting for body mass and breeding latitude. Future studies of links between life history, metabolism, and environmental factors might benefit from examining these variables within individual species as well as across broad geographic contrasts.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Integrating the pace-of-life syndrome across species, sexes and individuals: covariation of life history and personality under pesticide exposure

The pace-of-life syndrome (POLS) hypothesis integrates covariation of life-history traits along a fast–slow continuum and covariation of behavioural traits along a proactive–reactive personality continuum. Few studies have investigated these predicted life-history/personality associations among species and between sexes. Furthermore, whether and how contaminants interfere with POLS patterns remains unexplored. We tested for covariation patterns in life history and in behaviour, and for life-history/personality covariation among species, among individuals within species and between sexes. Moreover, we investigated whether pesticide exposure affects covariation between life history and behaviour and whether species and sexes with a faster POLS strategy have a higher sensitivity to pesticides. We reared larvae of four species of Ischnura damselflies in a common garden experiment with an insecticide treatment (chlorpyrifos absent/present) in the final instar. We measured four life-history traits (larval growth rate during the pesticide treatment, larval development time, adult mass and life span) and two behavioural traits (larval feeding activity and boldness, each before and after the pesticide treatment). At the individual level, life-history traits and behavioural traits aligned along a fast–slow and a proactive–reactive continuum, respectively. Species-specific differences in life history, with fast-lived species having a faster larval growth and development, a lower mass at emergence and a shorter life span, suggested that time constraints in the larval stage were predictably driving life-history evolution both in the larval stage and across metamorphosis in the adult stage. Across species, females were consistently more slow-lived than males, reflecting that a large body size and a long life span are generally more important for females. In contrast to the POLS hypothesis, there was only little evidence for the expected positive coupling between life-history pace and proactivity. Pesticide exposure decreased larval growth rate and affected life-history/personality covariation in the most fast-lived species. Our study supports the existence of life-history and behavioural continua with limited support for life-history/personality covariation. Variation in digestive physiology may explain this decoupling of life history and behaviour and provide valuable mechanistic insights to understand and predict the occurrence of life-history/personality covariation patterns.

Data from: Fuel for the pace of life: baseline blood glucose concentration coevolves with life history traits in songbirds

1. It has been proposed that life histories have coevolved with a suite of physiological and behavioural adaptations, termed pace-of-life syndromes (POLS). Here, we hypothesise that basal concentration of blood glucose (G0), a major source of energy circulating in vertebrate blood, may constitute a key component of POLS. 2. To test this hypothesis, we measured G0 in 30 passerine species and tested its covariation with body mass and other life history traits. Importantly, body mass is a major life history determinant and, when its effect is controlled for, there may be no single fast-slow life history continuum in birds comprising both fecundity and lifespan. Hence, we used individual life history traits, rather than principal component analysis, to characterise life history variation in our analysis. 3. In support of G0 life history coevolution, we found G0 to be negatively correlated with body mass and positively with reproductive investment in a single clutch across 30 passerine species. Higher G0 in females suggests that the energy demands of clutch production and incubation may be an important selection force driving coevolution of G0 with reproductive output. 4. In contrast, G0 was not associated with maximum lifespan, suggesting that high G0 may not constrain evolution of longevity. This implies that long-lived species can evolve physiological adaptations preventing harmful effects of high glucose concentrations, known to cause pathologies and accelerate ageing. 5. In addition, G0, but not basal metabolic rate (BMR), was negatively correlated with migration distance, attesting to evolutionary changes in energy metabolism in long distance migrants. Our results further suggest that the links between body mass, reproduction and G0 are not mediated by BMR and that G0 is associated with fast-slow life history variation more closely than available BMR data. 6. A species life history is determined to a great extent by body mass. When this effect is controlled for, only those traits related to reproduction (but not lifespan) constitute the principal axis of life history variation in birds. Hence, the coevolution of G0 with body mass and reproductive output evidenced in our study indicates that G0 constitutes an important physiological component of POLS.