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8 results for “paleo-endemism”
Figure 3 in Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism in Australian Acacia
Figure 3 | CANAPE, a two-step procedure described in text. (a) Map of centres of endemism discovered. White cells contain no records; beige cells are not significant. The red values indicate grid cells that contain significantly lower RPE than expected given random sampling of the same number of species from a null tree, termed 'centres of neo-endemism'. The blue values indicate grid cells that contain significantly higher RPE than expected, termed 'centres of paleo-endemism'. The purple values indicate grid cells that are a mix of neo-endemism and paleo-endemism; the most highly significant of which (darker purple) are termed 'centres of superendemism'. (b) Bivariate plot showing the relationship between the numerator (y axis) and denominator (x axis) of RPE, applied following the two-step CANAPE procedure described in text, for comparison with a. The grey points in the background are results of the randomization, the beige points are actual values for grid cells that are not significant, the red points are actual values for grid cells that are interpreted as significantly dominated by neo-endemism, the blue points are actual values for grid cells that are interpreted as significantly dominated by paleo-endemism, and the purple points are actual values for grid cells significant for both the y-axis and x-axis variables separately, the most highly significant of which (darker purple) are termed 'centres of super-endemicity'.
Figure 2 in Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism in Australian Acacia
Figure 2 | Maps showing significance levels resulting from of a randomization test in Australian Acacia. White cells contain no records; beige cells are not significant. (a) PD: the red values indicate grid cells that contain significantly less PD than expected; the blue values indicate grid cells that contain significantly more PD than expected. (b) RPD: the red values indicate grid cells that contain significantly less RPD than expected; the species present in that cell are significantly more closely related than expected. The blue values indicate grid cells that contain significantly more RPD than expected; the species present in that cell are significantly more distantly related than expected. (c) Phylogenetic endemism (PE). The red values indicate grid cells that contain significantly less PE than expected; the blue values indicate grid cells that contain significantly more PE than expected. (d) Relative phylogenetic endemism (RPE). The red values indicate grid cells that contain significantly lower RPE than expected; the blue values indicate grid cells that contain significantly higher RPE than expected.
Data from: Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism
Understanding spatial patterns of biodiversity is critical for conservation planning, particularly given rapid habitat loss and human-induced climatic change. Diversity and endemism are typically assessed by comparing species ranges across regions. However, investigation of patterns of species diversity alone misses out on the full richness of patterns that can be inferred using a phylogenetic approach. Here, using Australian Acacia as an example, we show that the application of phylogenetic methods, particularly two new measures, relative phylogenetic diversity and relative phylogenetic endemism, greatly enhances our knowledge of biodiversity across both space and time. We found that areas of high species richness and species endemism are not necessarily areas of high phylogenetic diversity or phylogenetic endemism. We propose a new method called categorical analysis of neo- and paleo-endemism (CANAPE) that allows, for the first time, a clear, quantitative distinction between centres of neo- and paleo-endemism, useful to the conservation decision-making process.
Data from: Islands within islands: two montane paleo-endemic birds impacted by recent anthropogenic fragmentation
Anthropogenic habitat fragmentation of species that live in naturally patchy metapopulations such as mountaintops or sky islands experiences two levels of patchiness. Effects of such multilevel patchiness on species have rarely been examined. Metapopulation theory suggests that patchy habitats could have varied impacts on persistence, dependent on differential migration. It is not known whether montane endemic species, evolutionarily adapted to natural patchiness, are able to disperse between anthropogenic fragments at similar spatial scales as natural patches. We investigated historic and contemporary gene flow between natural and anthropogenic patches across the distribution range of a Western Ghats sky-island-endemic bird species complex. Data from 14 microsatellites for 218 individuals detected major genetic structuring by deep valleys, including one hitherto undescribed barrier. As expected, we found strong effects of historic genetic differentiation across natural patches, but not across anthropogenic fragments. Contrastingly, contemporary differentiation (DPS) was higher relative to historic differentiation (FST) in anthropogenic fragments, despite the species' ability to historically traverse shallow valleys. Simulations of recent isolation resulted in high DPS/FST values, confirming recent isolation in Western Ghats anthropogenic fragments and also suggesting that this ratio can be used to identifying recent fragmentation in the context of historic connectedness. We suggest that in this landscape, in addition to natural patchiness affecting population connectivity, anthropogenic fragmentation additionally impacts connectivity, making anthropogenic fragments akin to islands within natural islands of montane habitat, a pattern that may be recovered in other sky-island systems.
Data from: Islands within islands: two montane paleo-endemic birds impacted by recent anthropogenic fragmentation
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Data from: Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism
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Figure 4 in Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism in Australian Acacia
Figure 4 | Map (a) and cluster analysis (b) showing phylogenetic similarity relationships among centres of endemism for Australian Acacia. The cluster analysis used PD-dissimilarity and a phylo-jaccard metric with link-average linkage. Areas that cluster closely, indicating that they share many branches of their phylogenetic subtrees, are shown in the same colour and lettered for reference in the text. The number given by each letter is the proportion of grid cells in that cluster that are at least partly covered by currently protected areas; Eand F, the most poorly protected, are marked with an asterisk. The arrows on the map point to the grid cells in clusters Eand F that lie completely outside of protected areas and are thus of highest conservation concern.
Figure 1 in Phylogenetic measures of biodiversity and neo- and paleo-endemism in Australian Acacia
Figure 1 | Maps showing basic biodiversity patterns in Australian Acacia. (a) SR; (b) WE; (c) PD; and (d) PE.
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