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Fig. 10 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 10. Interpretative drawings of skulls. A. Tupuxuara leonardii (Thalassodrominae), IMCF 1052, in right lateral view. B. Tapejara wellnhoferi (Tapejarinae), reconstruction based mostly on AMNH 24440, in left lateral view. C. Caupedactylus ybaka (Tapejarinae), MN 4726-V, in left lateral view.

Fig. 11 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 11. Life reconstruction of azhdarchoid pterosaur Kariridraco dianae gen. et sp. nov. Artwork by Júlia d'Oliveira (Jundiaí, Brazil).

Fig. 8 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 8. Simplified strict consensus of the 6 most parsimonious trees recovered in the preferred cladistic analysis. Silhouettes based on drawings by Felipe A. Elias (São Paulo, Brazil).

Fig. 9 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 9. Paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae. A. Cretaceous paleomap showing the distribution of tapejarid-bearing localities (colored circles refer to sedimentary units depicted in B). B. Jaccard similarity index applied to different tapejarid-bearing pterosaur faunas. C. Tapejarid phylogeny recovered in this paper, highlighting locality data for each species.

Fig. 7 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 7. Azhdarchoid pterosaur Kariridraco dianae gen. et sp. nov. holotype MPSC R 1056) from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil. Cervical vertebra IV in dorsal (A1, A3) and ventral (A2, A4) views. Photographs (A1, A2), interpretative drawings (A3, A4).

Fig. 6 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 6. Azhdarchoid pterosaur Kariridraco dianae gen. et sp. nov. holotype (MPSC R 1056) from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil. Cervical vertebra IV in anterior (A1, A4), posterior (A2, A5), and left lateral (A3, A6) views. Photographs (A1–A3), interpretative drawings (A4–A6).

Fig. 5 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 5. Azhdarchoid pterosaur Kariridraco dianae gen. et sp. nov. holotype (MPSC R 1056) from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil. Cervical vertebra III in dorsal (A1, A3) and ventral (A2, A4) views. Photographs (A1, A2), interpretative drawings (A3, A4).

Fig. 3 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 3. Azhdarchoid pterosaur Kariridraco dianae gen. et sp. nov. holotype (MPSC R 1056) from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil. Atlas-axis complex in ventral (A1, A3) and dorsal (A2, A4) views. Photographs (A1, A2), interpretative drawings (A3, A4).

Fig. 2 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 2. Azhdarchoid pterosaur Kariridraco dianae gen. et sp. nov. holotype (MPSC R 1056) from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil. Atlas-axis complex in anterior (A1, A4), posterior (A2, A5), and left lateral (A3, A6) views. Photographs (A1–A3), interpretative drawings (A4–A6).

Fig. 1 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 1. Azhdarchoid pterosaur Kariridraco dianae gen. et sp. nov. holotype (MPSC R 1056) from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil. Skull in right lateral view. Photograph (A1), interpretative drawing (A2). Dark grey areas indicate remains of the carbonate matrix still attachaed to the skull.

Fig. 4 in A new azhdarchoid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil and the paleobiogeography of the Tapejaridae

Fig. 4. Azhdarchoid pterosaur Kariridraco dianae gen. et sp. nov. holotype (MPSC R 1056) from Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil. Cervical vertebra III in anterior (A1, A4), posterior (A2, A5), and right lateral (A3, A6) views. Photographs (A1–A3), interpretative drawings (A4–A6).

FIGURE 8 in New Miocene fossil taxa illuminate the evolution and paleobiogeography of the Ponto-Caspian gammaroid amphipod radiation

FIGURE 8 Specimen (inventory No. 8244, Vlădiceni quarry) showing a resemblance to extant genera Chaetogammarus and Litorogammarus. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in New Miocene fossil taxa illuminate the evolution and paleobiogeography of the Ponto-Caspian gammaroid amphipod radiation

FIGURE 7 †Eogmelina moldavica gen. et sp. nov. next to a fossilized alga (inventory No. 8240, Vlădiceni quarry). Scale bar = 5 mm. Downloaded from Brill.com 06/21/2024 06:25:54PM via Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FIGURE 5 in New Miocene fossil taxa illuminate the evolution and paleobiogeography of the Ponto-Caspian gammaroid amphipod radiation

FIGURE 5 †Eogmelina moldavica gen. et sp. nov. On the right are interpretative drawings of the corresponding fossils on the left. (A) Holotype male and paratype female (inventory No. 8236, Vlădiceni quarry), (B) male (inventory No. 8237, Vlădiceni quarry), (C) female (inventory No. 8238, Iași City), (D) female (inventory No. 8239, Vlădiceni quarry). Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: A = antenna; B = basis; C = coxa; G = gnathopod; H = head; P = pereonite; PL = pleonite; PP = pereopod; U = urosomite; UP = uropod; T = telson.

FIGURE 6 in New Miocene fossil taxa illuminate the evolution and paleobiogeography of the Ponto-Caspian gammaroid amphipod radiation

FIGURE 6 †Eogmelina prisca gen. et sp. nov. On the right are interpretative drawings of the corresponding fossils on the left. (A) Holotype male (inventory No. 8241, Vlădiceni quarry), (B) paratype male (inventory No. 8242, Iași City), (C) disarticulated remains of unknown sex (inventory No. 8243, Vlădiceni quarry). Scale bars = 1 mm. Abbreviations: A = antenna; B = basis; C = coxa; G = gnathopod; H = head; P = pereonite; PL = pleonite; PP = pereopod; U = urosomite; UP = uropod; T = telson.

FIGURE 4 in New Miocene fossil taxa illuminate the evolution and paleobiogeography of the Ponto-Caspian gammaroid amphipod radiation

FIGURE 4 Morphological diversity of extant and fossil Ponto-Caspian gammaroids based on 43 morphometric measurements. (A) PCA plot depicting the morphospace occupation along the first two axes. Extant non-monotypic genera are shown with dimmed colors (dots or convex hulls if n> 2 species) while monotypic genera are shown with a gray square. Fossil taxa are shown with colored stars that are numbered according to species (see legend on lower left). Extreme morphologies are exemplified by drawings. (B) Biplot of variables along the first two PCA axes. C) A 3D PCA indicating morphospace occupation of fossils (colored triangles) and extant (gray dots) taxa within the first three axes.

FIGURE 3 in New Miocene fossil taxa illuminate the evolution and paleobiogeography of the Ponto-Caspian gammaroid amphipod radiation

FIGURE 3 Multivariate clustering (Ward's method) based on a Gower-transformed matrix of 114 morphological characters. The heat map represents a pairwise matrix of Euclidean distances among taxa. High similarity is shown with blue while low similarity with red. Green dots at nodes in the dendrograms indicate wellsupported groups (bootstrap values> 70%). The fossil clade is highlighted with orange and dagger symbol. Ecomorphs (sensu Copilaș-Ciocianu & Sidorov, 2022) are indicated with labels.

FIGURE 2 in New Miocene fossil taxa illuminate the evolution and paleobiogeography of the Ponto-Caspian gammaroid amphipod radiation

FIGURE 2 Phylogenetic relationships among Ponto-Caspian gammaroids based on 114 morphological characters. Non-monotypic genera are highlighted in color. The fossil clade is highlighted with orange and a dagger symbol. Number at nodes represent support values for maximum likelihood (UFBS – ultrafast bootstrap, SHaLRT – Shimodaira-Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test), Bayesian (PP – posterior probability), and parsimony (JKBS – jackknifing bootstrap) analyses. Strongly supported nodes are highlighted with a green dot (UFBS ≥ 90; SHaLRT ≥ 80; PP ≥ 0.9; JKBS ≥ 90). Nodes that are not annotated received weak to no support (UFBS ≤ 50; SHaLRT ≤ 50; PP ≤ 0.5; JKBS ≤ 50).

FIGURE 1 Paleogeographic and geological setting. A in New Miocene fossil taxa illuminate the evolution and paleobiogeography of the Ponto-Caspian gammaroid amphipod radiation

FIGURE 1 Paleogeographic and geological setting. A) Map of the Ponto-Caspian region. The area marked with transparent white indicates the maximum extent of the Paratethys 11 Ma ago (Palcu et al., 2021). The green dot represents the newly discovered fossil amphipod sites from Romania, while the black dots indicate previously known fossiliferous locations from the Caucasus (Azerbaijan and Russia). B) Close-up map of Iași City, Romania, (https://www.openstreetmap.org /#map=12/47.1449/27.6062) showing the location of the study sites (Site 1 – construction site in Iași City; Site 2 – Vlădiceni quarry). C) Upper part shows a chronostratigraphic chart of the Eastern Paratethys and its correlation to the Global Time Scale (Raffi et al., 2020). The stratigraphic age of the sites from this study are indicated with green, while the previously known sites from the Caucasus are indicated with black. The lower part is a geological cross section of the focal area indicating the lithostratigraphic context and altitude (modified after Ionesi et al. 2005). Sampling sites are indicated with green dots. D) Photographs of the two study sites from the current study. PHOTO BY IONESI V.