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148 results for “parasite evolution”
Data for: Termite nest evolution fostered social parasitism by termitophilous rove beetles
<p>Colonies of social insects contain large amounts of resources often exploited by specialized social parasites. While some termite species host numerous parasitic arthropod species, called termitophiles, others host none. The reason for this large variability remains unknown. Here we report that the evolution of termitophily in rove beetles is linked to termite nesting strategies. We compared one-piece nesters, whose entire colony life is completed within a single wood piece, to foraging species, which exploit multiple physically separated food sources. Our epidemiological model predicts that characteristics related to foraging (e.g., extended colony longevity and frequent interactions with other colonies) increase the probability of parasitism by termitophiles. We tested our prediction using literature data. We found that foraging species are more likely to host termitophilous rove beetles than one-piece nesters: 99.6% of known termitophilous species were associated with foraging termites, while 0.4% were associated with one-piece nesters. Notably, the few one-piece nesting species hosting termitophiles were those having foraging potential and access to soil. Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed that termitophily primarily evolved with foraging termites. These results highlight that the evolution of complex termite societies fostered social parasitism, explaining why some species have more social parasites than others.</p>
Fig. 5. Parsimony splits network constructed from a per and ITS2 concatenated sequence data set. Heterozygous specimens are indicated with A and B in Ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora: The evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism
Fig. 5. Parsimony splits network constructed from a per and ITS2 concatenated sequence data set. Heterozygous specimens are indicated with A and B. 'bufonivora_EUROPE_A' represents a consistent haplotype present in all 12 samples from Europe (Table 1), of which just two were heterozygous ('bufonivora_frog' and 'bufonivora_NLWi'). 'bufonivora_CAN' and 'elongata_CAN' are represented by two samples each, none of which were heterozygous. Scale bar represents expected changes per site.
Fig. 2. Bayesian Inference tree constructed from Internal transcribed Spacer 2 in Ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora: The evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism
Fig. 2. Bayesian Inference tree constructed from Internal transcribed Spacer 2 (non-coding) sequence data. Each specimen is labelled with the species name and location abbreviation as indicated in Table 1. Green text corresponds to European samples of Lucilia bufonivora; red represents Lucilia elongata; purple represents Canadian L. bufonivora; orange represents Lucilia silvarum. Scale bar represents expected changes per site. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 6. Divergence times estimated from a in Ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora: The evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism
Fig. 6. Divergence times estimated from a concatenated data set of per, COX1 and ITS2 sequences for the Lucilia bufornivora species group. Substitution model and relaxed clock models were unlinked for each gene. The tree was calibrated by setting the root to the node age corresponding to the split between Luciilinae and Calliphorinae subfamilies (~19 mya) as estimated by Wallman et al. (2005). Blue bars represent 95% highest posterior density (HPD) of each node age. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 1 in Ecological and geographical speciation in Lucilia bufonivora: The evolution of amphibian obligate parasitism
Fig. 1. Location of samples for which the COX1 gene was sequenced in this study. Boxes represent the locations of individual samples: red, Lucilia elongata; orange, Lucilia silvarum; green, Lucilia bufonivora.
Data: Testing the mating system model of parasite complex life cycle evolution reveals demographically driven mixed mating
<p>Abstract: Many parasite species use multiple host species to complete development; however, empirical tests of models that seek to understand factors impacting evolutionary changes or maintenance of host number in parasite life cycles are scarce. Specifically, Brown et al.’s (2001) mating system model, which posits multi-host life cycles are an adaptation to prevent inbreeding in hermaphroditic parasites and thus, preclude inbreeding depression, remains untested. The model assumes loss of a host results in parasite inbreeding and predicts host loss can only evolve if there is no parasite inbreeding depression. <a name="_Hlk169780726"></a>We provide the first empirical tests of this model using a novel approach we developed for assessing inbreeding depression from field-collected, parasite samples. The method compares genetically-based, selfing-rate estimates to a demographic-based selfing rate, which was derived from the closed mating system experienced by endoparasites. Results from the hermaphroditic trematode <em>Alloglossidium renale</em>, which has a derived 2-host life cycle, supported both the assumption and prediction of the mating system model as this highly inbred species had no indication of inbreeding depression. Additionally, comparisons of genetic and demographic selfing rates revealed <a name="_Hlk169781073"></a>a mixed mating system that could be explained completely by the parasite’s demography, i.e., its infection intensities.</p>
Figure 2 in Fly parasitism in Papuan frogs, with a discussion of ecological factors influencing evolution of life-history differences
Figure 2. Regressions of weight versus snout–vent length (SV) for male Rana supragrisea. Larger frogs infested with fly larvae (closed squares, dashed line) exhibit lower weights compared to uninfested frogs (open circles, solid line), but this difference in regressions is determined solely by the largest infested specimen.
Figs. 1–6 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Figs. 1–6. Characters of yellowjackets. 1–2, clypeus. 1, V. rufa (Linnaeus). 2, Vespula austriaca (Panzer). 3–4, head in frontal view. 3, Dolichovespula sylvestris (Scopoli). 4, D. norvegicoides (Sladen). 5–6, head in lateral view. 5, V. pensylvanica (de Saussure). 6, V. vidua (de Saussure). All scale bars equal 1 mm.
Fig. 19 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Fig. 19. Cladogram resulting from analysis of all the characters in table 1. Characters have been optimized with only unambiguous changes plotted. Character numbers are above the hashmarks; state changes are shown below, with the respective primitive and derived conditions separated by a ''.''. Filled hashmarks denote uncontroverted changes, whereas open hashmarks indicate homoplasy in the character. Characters supporting the monophyly of yellowjackets as a whole are not plotted. This cladogram also results from analysis of only the morphological characters in table 1.
Figs. 13–18 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Figs. 13–18. Characters of yellowjackets. 13–14, mandibular teeth. 13, Vespula shidai Ishikawa, Yamane and Wagner. 14, Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabricius). 15–18, mesosoma in lateral view. 15, D. adulterina (du Buysson). 16, Dolichovespula maculata (Linnaeus). 17, V. rufa (Linnaeus). 18, V. germanica (Fabricius). All scale bars equal 1 mm.
Fig. 20 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Fig. 20. Cladogram resulting from analysis of the behavioral characters in table 1, with the three inquiline species deleted.
Fig. 21 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Fig. 21. Cladogram for yellowjacket species, with usurpation behavior optimized. State changes are shown below squares, with the respective primitive and derived conditions separated by a ''.''. Grayscaled squares denote convergent changes whereas open squares indicate reversal.
Figs. 7–12 in Phylogenetic Relationships Among Yellowjackets and the Evolution of Social Parasitism (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Vespinae)
Figs. 7–12. Characters of yellowjackets. 7–8, head in lateral view. 7, Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sladen). 8, D. adulterina (du Buysson). 9–10, head in frontal view. 9, Vespula rufa (Linnaeus). 10, D. alpicola Eck. 11, head in lateral view, D. arenaria (Fabricius). 12, mandibular teeth, V. germanica (Fabricius). All scale bars equal 1 mm.
Figure 9. Unionoida parasitic larval types. A in Palaeoheterodont diversity (Mollusca: Trigonioida + Unionoida): what we know and what we wish we knew about freshwater mussel evolution
Figure 9. Unionoida parasitic larval types. A, Hooked-type glochidium of Alasmidonta marginata (Unioninae). B, Hookedtype glochidium of Triplodon corrugatus (Lamarck, 1819) (Hyriidae). C, Unhooked-type glochidium of Villosa iris (Lampsilini). D, Axe-head-type glochidium of Potamilus alatus (Say, 1817) (Lampsilini). E, Lasidium of Monocondylaea paraguayana (d'Orbigny, 1835) (Mycetopodidae). F, Haustorium-type lasidium of Mutela bourguignati (Bourguignat, 1885) (Iridinidae). A, C, D, redrawn from Baker (1928); B, E, redrawn from Bonetto & Ezcurra (1963); F, re-drawn from Fryer (1961).
Rapid evolution of a brood parasite's egg pattern does not lead to large increases in mimetic fidelity
<p>In coevolutionary mimicry systems, mimics evolve to resemble models. When model fitness is reduced by close mimicry (such as when models are hosts and mimics are brood parasites), selection should drive mimics to evolve greater similarity to models over time, and models to evolve away from mimics ('chase-away evolution'), potentially resulting in mimetic fidelity remaining constant over time. Evidence for reciprocal evolution of models and mimics and its effect on mimetic fidelity is limited, however, likely because long-term data are required to observe such trends. Here, we test for these dynamics in an avian brood parasite system. The brood-parasitic cuckoo finch (Anomalospiza imberbis) lays eggs which mimic those of its host, the tawny-flanked prinia (Prinia subflava). In defence, prinias have evolved complex egg patterns which facilitate recognition of parasitic eggs. Prinia egg patterns are more complex than cuckoo finch egg patterns, and so selection should favour elevated complexity in parasite eggs (i.e. mimics evolving towards models) and even greater complexity in host eggs (i.e. models evolving away from mimics). Using a dataset spanning 50 years, we show that egg pattern complexity has indeed increased in both species over this time period, reflecting rapid adaptive evolution of both models and mimics. Both species have evolved at similar rates. Accordingly, we find no detectible increase in mimetic fidelity over time. Thus, host evolution can counteract even rapid parasite evolution, and result in the persistence of imperfect mimicry.</p>
Data from: A caste differentiation mutant elucidates the evolution of socially parasitic ants
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p>Most ant species have two distinct female castes – queens and workers – yet the developmental and genetic mechanisms that produce these alternative phenotypes remain poorly understood. Working with the clonal raider ant, <em>Ooceraea</em> <em>biroi</em>, we discovered a variant strain that expresses queen-like traits in individuals that would normally become workers. The variants show changes in morphology, behavior, and fitness that cause them to rely on workers in wild-type (WT) colonies for survival. Overall, they resemble the queens of many obligately parasitic ants that have evolutionarily lost the worker caste and live inside colonies of closely related hosts. <br><br>To understand the genetic basis of this variant strain, which we term the queen-like mutants (QLM), we re-analyzed published PacBio and Hi-C data (McKenzie and Kronauer 2018) using the Falcon pipeline. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Fig. 3 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 3. One of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63; chosen at random: individual source trees differ only in position of terminals within Phengaris, M. teleius and M. alcon group: see Fig. 2), with character states that support individual clades. Nonhomoplastic autapomorphies are black, homoplastic apomorphies white. Numbers above branches refer to characters, numbers below branches to character states (see Appendix 1 for character descriptions).
Fig. 4 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 4. Evolution of the life history traits of Maculinea butterflies and their relatives. Only the species for which states of all relevant characters are reliably well-known are included (see Table 1), but the overall topology of the tree including all terminals (Figs 2 & 3) is preserved. (A) Myrmecophily. M. nausithous is optimized as a modified predatory species (see ''Evolution of life histories''). (B) Host plants and habitat associations. Rosids and asterids are two well-supported clades of eudicot angiosperm plants (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2003): Fabaceae and Rosaceae are included in the former, Lamiaceae, Gentianaceae, and Campanulaceae in the latter. In some cases, character-state optimization is derived from the all-species tree (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 1. System of coding of wing pattern traits used in the phylogenetic study of Maculinea and their relatives.
Fig. 2 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 2. Strict consensus of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63) showing proposed phylogenetic relationships within the ''Glaucopsyche-section'' of Lycaenidae: Polyommatini. Bootstrap and Bremer support are shown above and below the nodes, respectively.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.