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54 results for “parasite fitness”
Contrasting parasite-mediated reductions in fitness within vs. between patches of a nematode host
<p>Host and parasites interact across spatial scales, but parasite-mediated fitness effects are often measured at local scales only. Recent work suggests that parasites can reduce host fitness during dispersal between patches, highlighting the potential for both within- and between-patch effects to contribute to the net fitness consequences of parasitism. Building on this work, we measured the contribution of the dispersal phase to parasite-mediated reductions in host fitness. We used the nematode <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> and its natural microsporidian parasite <em>Nematocida parisii</em> to quantify the fitness consequences of parasitism at the individual, population, and metapopulation level. <em>N. parisii</em> reduced individual fecundity and population growth but had its greatest fitness impact at the dispersal stage: parasitism reduced the fitness of dispersing larvae by 63 – 100%. These results indicate that the cost of parasitism in this system is greatly underestimated if the metapopulation level is not taken into account. We also found that the effects of <em>N. parisii</em> vary with host genotype, and the relative advantage of the most resistant genotype increases with inclusion of the dispersal stage. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that host-parasite interactions at the dispersal stage magnify selection for parasite resistance.</p>
Phenotype, genotype and fitness data related to genetic analysis of praziquantel response in schistosome parasites.
<p>These data are related to the study of the Genetic analysis of praziquantel response in schistosome parasites implicates a Transient Receptor Potential channel.</p> <p>Mass treatment with praziquantel (PZQ) monotherapy is the mainstay for schistosomiasis treatment. This drug shows imperfect cure rates in the field and parasites showing reduced PZQ response can be selected in the laboratory, but the extent of resistance in <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em> populations is unknown. We examined the genetic basis of variation in PZQ response in a <em>S. mansoni</em> population (SmLE-PZQ-R) selected with PZQ in the laboratory: 35% of these worms survive high dose (73 µg/mL) PZQ treatment. We used genome wide association to map loci underlying PZQ response. The major chr. 3 peak contains a transient receptor potential (Sm.TRPM_PZQ) channel (Smp_246790), activated by nanomolar concentrations of PZQ. PZQ response shows recessive inheritance and marker-assisted selection of parasites at a single Sm.TRPM_PZQ SNP enriched populations of PZQ-resistant (PZQ-ER) and sensitive (PZQ-ES) parasites showing >377 fold difference in PZQ response. The PZQ-ER parasites survived treatment in rodents better than PZQ-ES. Resistant parasites show 2.25-fold lower expression of Sm.TRPM_PZQ than sensitive parasites. Specific chemical blockers of Sm.TRPM_PZQ enhanced PZQ resistance, while Sm.TRPM_PZQ activators increased sensitivity. A single SNP in Sm.TRPM_PZQ differentiated PZQ-ER and PZQ-ES lines, but mutagenesis showed this was not involved in PZQ response, suggesting linked regulatory changes. We surveyed Sm.TRPM_PZQ sequence variation in 259 parasites from the New and Old World revealing one nonsense mutation that results in a truncated protein with no PZQ-binding site. Our results demonstrate that Sm.TRPM_PZQ underlies variation in PZQ response in <em>S. mansoni</em> and provides an approach for monitoring emerging PZQ-resistance alleles in schistosome elimination programs.</p> <p>This dataset is divided in 3 folders. Each folder has a readme detailing its content.</p> <p><strong>1-Phenotyping_data</strong></p> <p>This folder includes the data tables related to the phenotyping of the worms performed during this study. The phenotype measured was the viability of worms following PZQ treatment (i.e., PZQ response). This viability was assessed microscopically or using worm lactate production released in culture media.</p> <p>The data correspond to the following experiments:</p> <ul> <li>PZQ response of single adult male worms from SmLE and SmLE-PZQ-R populations to different doses of PZQ. This data was used to determine the PZQ IC50 of each population.</li> <li>Lactate production from single SmLE-PZQ-R adult male worms and correlation with visual observation. This was a proof-of-principle that lactate production can be used to efficiently and unbiasedly phenotype schistosome adult male worms in response to PZQ drug.</li> <li>PZQ response of single SmLE-PZQ-R adult male worms. These worms were then divided in low and high producer in response to PZQ and used to perform a genome-wide association study.</li> <li>PZQ response of single adult male worms from SmLE-PZQ-ER and SmLE-PZQ-ES populations to different doses of PZQ. This data was used to determine the PZQ IC50 of each population.</li> <li>PZQ response of single adult male worms from SmLE-PZQ-ER and SmLE-PZQ-ES populations in presence of Sm.TRPM_PZQ blocker (MB2) and activator (MV1) with and without PZQ drug.</li> <li>In vivo PZQ response of schistosome worms from SmLE-PZQ-ER and SmLE-PZQ-ES populations.</li> </ul> <p><strong>2-Genotyping_data</strong></p> <p>This folder includes the data tables related to the genotyping of the worms performed during this study. Worms were genotyping using PCR-RFLP (genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chr2 and chr3 QTLs) or using qPCR (genotyping of a copy number variation (CNV) on chr3 QTL).</p> <p>The data correspond to the following experiment:</p> <ul> <li>Association between PZQ response of single adult male worms from SmLE-PZQ-R population and their respective genotype on chromosome 2 (SNP) and chromosome 3 (SNP and CNV) loci.</li> </ul> <p><strong>3-Fitness_data</strong></p> <p>This folder includes the data tables related to the fitness of the parasite populations. We collected data regarding:</p> <ul> <li>The number of surviving and infected snails after exposure to SmLE-PZQ-ER or SmLE-PZQ-ES miracidia.</li> <li>The number of adult worms recovered from golden Syrian female hamsters exposed to SmLE-PZQ-ER or SmLE-PZQ-ES cercariae.</li> </ul> <p>All the data were collected during 12 generations of parasites and are used to evaluate a potential impact of PZQ resistance on the parasite fitness.</p>
Genetic variation in parasite avoidance, yet no evidence for constitutive fitness costs
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Contrasting parasite-mediated reductions in fitness within vs. between patches of a nematode host
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Data from: Host-parasite coevolution promotes innovation through deformations in fitness landscapes
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Fitness costs of parasites explain multiple life history tradeoffs in a wild mammal
Reproduction in wild animals can divert limited resources away from immune defence, resulting in increased parasite burdens. A longstanding prediction of life history theory states that these parasites can harm the individual, reducing the organism's subsequent fitness and producing reproduction-fitness tradeoffs. Here, we examined associations among reproductive allocation, immunity, parasitism, and subsequent fitness in a wild population of individually identified red deer ( Cervus elaphus ). Using path analysis, we investigated whether costs of lactation for downstream survival and fecundity were mediated by changes in strongyle nematode count and mucosal antibody levels. Lactating females exhibited increased parasite counts, which were in turn associated with substantially decreased fitness in the following year in terms of overwinter survival, fecundity, subsequent calf weight, and parturition date. This study offers observational evidence for parasite regulation of multiple life history tradeoffs, supporting the role of parasites as an important mediating factor in wild mammal populations.
Data from: Differential host responses to parasitism shape divergent fitness costs of infection
Fitness costs of infection are fundamental to understanding the ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions. However, these costs, and particularly their underlying mechanisms, are challenging to evaluate in wild populations. Here, we quantified total and species-specific costs of gastrointestinal worms on African buffalo, by combining the power of an anthelmintic treatment experiment that perturbed the entire worm community with a longitudinal study that tracked the two most dominant community members. Reducing all worms improved buffalo body condition, which was strongly associated with increases in survival and reproduction. Species-specific analyses revealed that condition-mediated fitness costs of infection differed between parasite species. Hosts that gained the blood-sucking worm Haemonchus, lost condition, and this loss may have been mediated by reductions in forage intake. Hosts that resisted Haemonchus by elevating IL-4 and eosinophil immune defences were able to reduce their parasite loads and gain back condition. Conversely, hosts that gained Cooperia, a less pathogenic worm, gained condition and had higher survival and reproductive success. Elevating immune defences had no effect on Cooperia abundance. Coupled with the positive relationship observed between Cooperia and host condition, our data suggest that hosts might benefit from tolerating Cooperia rather than incurring the costs of resistance. Overall, our study reveals that differential host responses to parasites play a key role in mediating the costs of infection.
Parasitism shapes selection by drastically reducing host fitness and increasing host fitness variation
<p>Determining the effects of parasites on host reproduction is key to understanding how parasites affect the underpinnings of selection on hosts. Although infection is expected to be costly, reducing mean fitness, infection could also increase variation in fitness costs among hosts, both of which determine the potential for selection on hosts. To test these ideas, we used a phylogenetically informed meta-analysis of 118 studies to examine how changes in the mean and variance in the outcome of reproduction differed between parasitized and non-parasitized hosts. We found that parasites had severe negative effects on mean fitness, with parasitized hosts suffering reductions in fecundity, viability, and mating success. Parasite infection also increased variance in reproduction, particularly fecundity and offspring viability. Surprisingly, parasites had similar effects on viability when either the male or female was parasitized. These results not only provide the first synthetic, comparative, and quantitative summary of the strong deleterious effects of parasites on host reproductive fitness, but also reveal a consistent role for parasites in shaping the opportunity for selection.</p>
No evidence for schistosome parasite fitness trade-offs in the intermediate and definitive host - Phenotype dataset
<p>The present dataset contains all the phenotype data (.csv files) and R scripts used for data analysis, and to generated the figures (Figures 2 to 5) present in the manuscript entitled "No evidence for schistosome parasite fitness trade-offs in the intermediate and definitive host".</p> <p>The uploaded archive (.zip) contains 4 folders corresponding to the 4 Figures present in the manuscript (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5). Each folder contains the phenotype data tables (.csv files), a R script used to analyze the data and to generate the Figures and a readme file, explaining how the phenotype data tables are organized.</p>
Short-term fitness consequences of parasitism depend on host genotype and within-host parasite community
<p>Multi-parasite communities inhabiting individual hosts are common and often consist of parasites from multiple taxa. The effects of parasite community composition and complexity on host fitness are critical for understanding how host-parasite coevolution is affected by parasite diversity. To test how naturally-occurring parasites affect host fitness of multiple host genotypes, we performed a common-garden experiment where we inoculated four genotypes of host plant <em>Plantago lanceolata</em> with six microbial parasite treatments: three single parasite treatments, a fungal mixture, a viral mixture, and a cross-kingdom treatment. Seed production was affected by both host genotype and parasite treatment, and their interaction jointly determined growth of the hosts. Fungal parasites had more consistent negative effects than viruses in both single mixed parasite treatments. These results demonstrate that parasite communities have the potential to affect the evolution and ecology of host populations through their effects on host growth and reproduction. Moreover, the results highlight the importance of accounting for the diversity of parasites as well as host genotypes when aiming to predict the consequences of parasites for epidemics as the effects of multi-parasitism are not necessarily additive of single parasite effects, nor uniform across all host genotypes.</p>
Data from: Differential host responses to parasitism shape divergent fitness costs of infection
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Data from: Parasite resistance predicts fitness better than fecundity in a natural population of the freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum
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Sex-dependent effects of infection on guppy reproductive fitness and offspring parasite resistance
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Data and code from: Fitness consequences of parasitism in a changing world: A case study with bird blow flies and sagebrush songbirds
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Parasitism shapes selection by drastically reducing host fitness and increasing host fitness variation
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Fitness costs of parasites explain multiple life history tradeoffs in a wild mammal
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Short-term fitness consequences of parasitism depend on host genotype and within-host parasite community
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Microsporidian parasite impairs colony fitness in bumblebees
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Data from: Parasite infections in a social carnivore: evidence of their fitness consequences and factors modulating infection load
There are substantial individual differences in parasite composition and infection load in wildlife populations. Few studies have investigated the factors shaping this heterogeneity in large wild mammals or the impact of parasite infections on Darwinian fitness, particularly in juveniles. A host's parasite composition and infection load can be shaped by factors that determine contact with infective parasite stages and those that determine the host's resistance to infection, such as abiotic and social environmental factors, and age. Host-parasite interactions and synergies between co-infecting parasites may also be important. We test predictions derived from these different processes to investigate factors shaping infection loads (faecal egg/oocyte load) of two energetically costly gastrointestinal parasites: the hookworm Ancylostoma and the intracellular Cystoisospora, in juvenile spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in the Serengeti National Park, in Tanzania. We also assess whether parasite infections curtail survival to adulthood and longevity. Ancylostoma and Cystoisospora infection loads declined as the number of adult clan members increased, a result consistent with an encounter-reduction effect whereby adults reduced encounters between juveniles and infective larvae, but were not affected by the number of juveniles in a clan. Infection loads decreased with age, possibly because active immune responses to infection improved with age. Differences in parasite load between clans possibly indicate variation in abiotic environmental factors between clan den sites. The survival of juveniles (< 365 days old) to adulthood decreased with Ancylostoma load, increased with age and was modulated by maternal social status. High-ranking individuals with low Ancylostoma loads had a higher survivorship during the first four years of life than high-ranking individuals with high Ancylostoma loads. These findings suggest that high infection loads with energetically costly parasites such as hookworms during early life can have negative fitness consequences.
Data from: Toxins or medicines? Phytoplankton diets mediate host and parasite fitness in a freshwater system
Diets must satisfy the everyday metabolic requirements of organisms and can also serve as medicines to combat disease. Currently, the medicinal role of diets is much better understood in terrestrial than in aquatic ecosystems. This is surprising because phytoplankton species synthesize secondary metabolites with known antimicrobial properties. Here, we investigated the medicinal properties of phytoplankton (including toxin-producing cyanobacteria) against parasites of the dominant freshwater herbivore, Daphnia. We fed Daphnia dentifera on green algae and toxic cyanobacteria diets known to vary in their nutritional quality and toxin production, and an additional diet of Microcystis with added pure microcystin-LR. We then exposed Daphnia to fungal and bacterial parasites. Anabaena, Microcystis and Chlorella diets prevented infection of Daphnia by the fungal parasite Metschnikowia, while Nodularia toxins increased offspring production by infected hosts. In contrast to their medicinal effects against Metschnikowia, toxic phytoplankton generally decreased the fitness of Daphnia infected with the bacterial parasite, Pasteuria. We also measured the amount of toxin produced by phytoplankton over time. Concentrations of anatoxin-a produced by Anabaena increased in the presence of Metschnikowia, suggesting parasite-induced toxin production. Our research illustrates that phytoplankton can serve as toxins or medicines for their consumers, depending upon the identity of their parasites.
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