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17 results for “parent fish”
Lingering legacies: Past growth and parental experience influence somatic growth in a fish population
<p>Body size and growth rate can influence individual and population success by mediating fitness. Understanding the factors that influence growth can be difficult to disentangle, however, because growth can be shaped by environmental conditions recently experienced, as well as legacy effects from conditions experienced earlier in life and by parents (via parental effects). To improve understanding of growth among annual cohorts (1982-2015) of Lake Erie Walleye (<em>Sander vitreus</em>), a species with life history and growth characteristics similar to many other long-lived, iteroparous fishes, we determined the role of the following hypothesized factors: H1) recent environmental conditions; H2) traits and experiences of the cohort, including growth, in the previous year; H3) early-life cohort density; H4) early-life body size; and H5) parental composition and environment. We evaluated the relative importance of these hypothesized factors using piecewise structural equation modeling in an information-theoretic framework. Our results indicated that cohort-specific growth of Lake Erie Walleye was most strongly influenced by traits (growth) and experiences of the cohort during the previous year (H2) and parental composition and environment (H5). The observed negative relationship with growth during the previous year may indicate that Walleye exhibits compensatory growth. The relationships with parental sizes and environments may mean that parental contributions to offspring affect cohorts into adulthood, with serious implications for the effects of climate change. Warm winters appear to negatively influence offspring growth performance for many years. Legacy effects had a stronger influence on cohort growth than recent environmental conditions, providing a new understanding of how somatic growth is regulated in Lake Erie's Walleye population. Specifically, the parental composition and environment appear important via epigenetic and/or egg-provisioning legacies, with carryover effects modifying growth over the years. Ultimately, our findings demonstrate that understanding recent growth in animal populations similar to Lake Erie Walleye may require knowledge of past conditions, including those experienced by parents.</p>
Fig. 1. A in Reproductive behavior and parental roles of the cichlid fish Laetacara araguaiae
Fig. 1. A pair of Laetacara araguaiae with fry (arrows). The largest fish is the male. Photo: Elias F. Lopes de Freitas.
Fig. 5 in Reproductive behavior and parental roles of the cichlid fish Laetacara araguaiae
Fig. 5. Mean frequency (± SE) of threats (a) and attacks (b) given by male and female in the pre-spawning (n = 11), egg/ wriggler (n = 11) and free-swimming fry (n = 12) phases. * indicates significant difference between sexes (Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Different letters indicate significant differences between phases for each sex (Kuskal-Wallis followed by Dunn post hoc test).
Fig. 4 in Reproductive behavior and parental roles of the cichlid fish Laetacara araguaiae
Fig. 4. Mean frequency (± SE) of agonistic acts given by male and female in the pre-spawning (n = 11), egg/wriggler (n = 11) and free-swimming fry (n = 12) phases. NS is non significant values (Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test).
Fig. 2 in Reproductive behavior and parental roles of the cichlid fish Laetacara araguaiae
Fig. 2. Mean frequency (± SE) of nest digging in the prespawning phase by males and females of Laetacara araguaiae (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
Lingering legacies: Past growth and parental experience influence somatic growth in a fish population
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Data from: Parental response to intruder females altered by ornamentation and mate quality in a biparental fish
In many monogamous species females behave aggressively toward other females, as they may threaten their exclusive access to paternal resources. However, in species with a high degree of breeding asynchrony not all females are true reproductive rivals. Female ornamentation that advertises sexual receptivity is a possible mechanism whereby parental females could assess the potential threat of rival females and attack only those which could challenge their mating status. Convict cichlids (Amatitlania siquia) are sexually dichromatic, monogamous fish that exhibit biparental care. Females develop gold ventral coloration when reproductively receptive and actively court males. We presented breeding pairs of convict cichlids with confined conspecific females to investigate whether parental response was affected by the intruder's reproductive status. We also investigated whether differences in partner quality within breeding pairs mediated the response to intruders, as mate quality influences both intra- and intersexual dynamics in many monogamous species. We found parental females responded more aggressively to reproductive intruders and that parental females mated to high quality males decreased the aggression they directed at general brood predators during the reproductive intruder presentation. Contrary to our predictions, we also found that males behaved aggressively toward reproductive intruders, particularly when paired with small females. Our results indicate that both parents engage in pair-bond defense and that differences in partner quality determine the level of aggression directed at extra-pair reproductive females. These findings suggest that when biparental care greatly increases offspring survival, reproductive success for both sexes may be maximized by cooperation and coordination, rather than conflict.
Data from: Parental response to intruder females altered by ornamentation and mate quality in a biparental fish
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Data from: Where are all the moms? external fertilization predicts the rise of male parental care in bony fishes
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Data from: A functional trade-off between trophic adaptation and parental care predicts sexual dimorphism in cichlid fish
Although sexual dimorphism is widespread in nature, its evolutionary causes often remain elusive. Here we report a case where a sex-specific conflicting functional demand related to parental care but not to sexual selection explains sexual dimorphism in a primarily trophic structure, the gill rakers of cichlid fishes. More specifically, we examined gill raker length in a representative set of cichlid fish species from Lake Tanganyika featuring three different parental care strategies: (i) uni-parental mouthbrooding, whereby only one parental sex incubates the eggs in the buccal cavity; (ii) bi-parental mouthbrooding, whereby both parents participate in mouthbrooding; and (iii) nest guarding without any mouthbrooding involved. As predicted from these different parental care strategies, we find sexual dimorphism in gill raker length to be present only in uni-parental mouthbrooders, but neither in bi-parental mouthbrooders nor in nest guarders. Moreover, variation in the extent of sexual dimorphism among uni-parental mouthbrooders appears to be related to trophic ecology. Overall, we present a so far unrecognised scenario for the evolution of sexual dimorphism that is not related to sexual selection or initial niche divergence between sexes. Instead, sexual dimorphism in gill raker length in uni-parental mouthbrooding cichlid fish appears to be the consequence of a sex-specific functional trade-off between a trophic function present in both sexes, and a reproductive function present only in the brooding sex.
Data from: Parental coordination with respect to colour polymorphism in a crater lake fish
In many taxa, success in parental care requires the coordinated efforts of both parents. Given the evolutionary potential of parental performance, as well as phenotype-related behavioural differences, it is surprising that parental coordination in polymorphic species has attracted only very limited research attention. To redress this gap, I combined multiple approaches to assess parental performance and coordination of parental effort in the colour polymorphic and biparental cichlid fish, Amphilophus sagittae, in its natural crater lake habitat. I compared parents of the two colour morphs, dark and gold, as well as pairs that had mated colour assortatively ('same colour' pairs) versus disassortatively ('mixed' pairs). The two morphs differed in terms of a higher than expected number of single gold morph parents. Interestingly, parental coordination, in terms of the size of the defended territory and the rate of aggressive responses towards natural territory intruders, was lower in mixed than same colour pairs. Mixed pairs also had their territories in deeper water. However, no pair type differences in early survival of biparentally defended broods were detected. The findings contribute towards a better understanding of the role of parental coordination in polymorphic species, highlighting the importance of considering parental effort, coordination, and performance in the context of the dynamics of (colour) polymorphisms in the wild. Indeed, if the observed behavioural differences will translate into negative fitness effects for mixed pairs, parental performance can also provide a mechanism selecting for colour assortative mating and restricting gene flow under mating regimes that are not completely assortative.
Data from: Parental coordination with respect to colour polymorphism in a crater lake fish
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Data from: A functional trade-off between trophic adaptation and parental care predicts sexual dimorphism in cichlid fish
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Data from: Costs and benefits of polyandry in a placental poeciliid fish Heterandria formosa are in accordance with the parent-offspring conflict theory of placentation
In viviparous species, a conflict over maternal resource allocation may arise between mothers and embryos, between siblings, and between maternal and paternal genes within an embryo due to relatedness asymmetries. We performed two experiments to study the effects of polyandry and brood relatedness on offspring growth in a placental fish (Heterandria formosa). Polyandry was beneficial as it increased the probability of pregnancy, possibly to avoid genetic incompatibility. However, females mated to four males produced offspring that had a longer maturation time than those of monandrous females. When within-brood relatedness was manipulated, the size of the newborn offspring decreased with time in low relatedness treatment, while in highly related broods offspring size was constant. Low within-brood relatedness may lead to less cooperative offspring in terms of resource extraction from the mother, which may lead to impaired development during gestation. Offspring conflict may thus reduce the benefits of polyandry in viviparous species.
Data from: Costs and benefits of polyandry in a placental poeciliid fish Heterandria formosa are in accordance with the parent-offspring conflict theory of placentation
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Data from: Multiple mating and reproductive skew in parental and introgressed females of the live-bearing fish Xiphophorus birchmanni
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Data from: Maternal-by-environment but not genotype-by-environment interactions in a fish without parental care
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