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34 results for “parental investment”
FIGURE 9 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 9. Comparison of volume renderings of one nymph of BSPG 1967 XX generated by Amira 5.6 (left) and Drishti 2.4 (right) (images with system based pseudocolour). Note especially the differences of the level of details in the marked areas (arrows).
FIGURE 8 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 8. Close-ups of maxillary palp of one nymph of BSPG 1967 XX. 1, Palp of red-coloured nymph in Figure 4 documented with stereo imaging. Images presented as red-cyan stereo-anaglyphs; please use red-cyan glasses to view, red left, cyan right. 2-4, Close-ups of volume rendering of maxillary palp and part of antenna of red-coloured nymph in Figure 4; documented at three different grey values. 5, Combined version of 2-4, arrows point to setae. Abbreviations are the same as in Figures 2 and 4.
FIGURE 7 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 7. Comparison of mouthparts of one nymph of BSPG 1967 XX and first instar of Periplaneta americana. 1-3, Surface reconstruction of the mouthparts of one nymph in amber; based on micro-CT data. Same individual as in Figure 2, about lateral (1 and 3) and frontal (2) views. 4-5, Head with mouthparts of first instar nymph of P. americana; frontal view of the head (4) and colour-marked close-up image of the mouthparts (5), composite autofluorescence image. Abbreviations: hp, hypopharynx; lb, labium; lp, labial palp; mx, maxilla. Other abbreviations are the same as in Figures 2 and 4.
FIGURE 5 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 5. Volume renderings of one nymph of BSPG 1967 XX (red-coloured specimen in Figure 4) in about lateral (1-2), ventral (3-4), and dorsal (5) views generated with Drishti 2.4 based on micro-CT data. Abbreviations: cl, clypeus; co I, coxa of prothoracic leg; fe I, femur of prothoracic leg; lr, labrum; md, mandible; pt I, praetarsus of prothoracic leg (tibial claw); ta I, tarsus of prothoracic leg; ti I, tibia of prothoracic leg; a1–a7, abdominal segments 1–7. Other abbreviations are the same as in Figure 2.
FIGURE 6 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 6. Nymphs of the extant species Periplaneta americana (1-3) and Blaberus craniifer (4-5). 1-3, Hatchling of P. americana in dorsal (1), lateral (2), and ventral (3) views documented with compound microscope. 4-5, Early instar nymph of Blaberus craniifer in ventral (4) and dorsal (5) views documented with composite autofluorescence microscopy. Abbreviations: co III, coxa of metathoracic leg; fe III, femur of metathoracic leg; ta III, tarsus of metathoracic leg; ti III, tibia of metathoracic leg. Other abbreviations are the same as in Figure 2 and 4.
FIGURE 3 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 3. Overview of BSPG 1967 XX, documented with stereo imaging from all available sides of the specimen (1- 3). Images presented as red-cyan stereo-anaglyphs; please use red-cyan glasses to view.
FIGURE 1 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 1. Overview of BSPG 1967 XX, part of the Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich. Germany; documented with composite imaging. Single piece of Baltic amber with inclusion of 13 cockroach nymphs.
FIGURE 2 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 2. Close-ups of nymphs in amber (BSPG 1967 XX). 1, Overview of a single nymph (red-coloured specimen in Figure 4). 2, Head with antennae and maxillary palp equipped with setae of specimen in 1, compound eyes not observable. 3, Cerci equipped with setae (blue-coloured specimen in Figure 4). 4, Close-up of antenna equipped with setae (yellow-coloured specimen in Figure 4), arrows point to setae. Abbreviations: a4–a6, abdominal segments 4–6; an, antenna; ce, cercus; hc, head capsule; mp, maxillary palp; ms, mesonotum; mt, metanotum; pn, pronotum; pl, coxa of prothoracic leg; ta, terminal article of the antenna.
FIGURE 4 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 4. Overview images of BSPG 1967 XX. 1-3, Colour-marked versions of Figure 3 (different individuals marked in different colours, same individuals marked in same colour in different viewing angles). 4-5, Volume renderings based on micro-CT data (Amira) (different viewing angles in 4 and 5). 6, Tomographic section from micro-CT image stack (red-coloured specimen in 1 and 2), inner structures are not preserved.
FIGURE 10 in What nymphal morphology can tell us about parental investment - a group of cockroach hatchlings in Baltic amber documented by a multi-method approach
FIGURE 10. Blattodean nymphs in Baltic amber. 1-4, Specimen PE 61065, dorsal view (1), distinct pigmentation of cuticula visible; ventral view (2); and stereo-images of PE 61065 (3-4). Images presented as red-cyan stereo-anaglyphs; please use red-cyan glasses to view. 5-6, Specimen ZMUC 901795, close-up image of the head (5) and closeup image of the head lateral view (6). Abbreviation: ml, femur of metathoracic leg. Other abbreviations are the same as in Figures 2 and 4.
Experimental reduction of haemosporidian infection affects maternal reproductive investment, parental behaviour, and offspring condition
<p>When hosts have a long coevolutionary history with their parasites, fitness costs of chronic infection have often been assumed to be negligible. Yet, experimental manipulation of infections sometimes reveals effects of parasites on their hosts, particularly during reproduction. Whether these effects translate into fitness costs remains unclear. Here, we present the results of an experimental study conducted in a free-ranging population of red-winged blackbirds (<em>Agelaius</em> <em>phoeniceus</em>) naturally experiencing a high prevalence of haemosporidian infections, with > 95% of breeding adults infected with parasites from one or more haemosporidian genus. To assess effects of infection during reproduction, we manipulated adult red-winged blackbird females' parasite burden by administering an anti-haemosporidian medication before onset of egg-laying. Experimental reduction of infection resulted in significant benefits to mothers and their offspring. Medicated females laid heavier clutches, invested more in incubation and provisioning behaviour, and produced more fledglings than control females. Nestlings of medicated females had higher haematocrit, higher blood glucose, and lower reactive oxygen metabolites than nestlings of control females. Overall, our results provide evidence that, even in a species with a long history of high prevalence of infection, parasites can lead to decreased maternal investment and offspring quality, substantially reducing fitness.</p>
Experimental reduction of haemosporidian infection affects maternal reproductive investment, parental behaviour, and offspring condition
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Data from: Feeding increases the number of offspring but decreases parental investment of Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata
<p>1. Successful reproductive output and recruitment is crucial to coral persistence and recovery following anthropogenic stress. Feeding is known to alter coral physiology and increase resilience to bleaching. 2. The goal of the study was to address the knowledge gap of the influence of feeding on reproductive output and offspring phenotype. 3. Colonies of <em>Stylophora pistillata</em> from the Northern Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea) were fed an Artemia diet or unfed for five months during gametogenesis, fertilisation, and brooding. In addition, time to settlement and mortality of planulae were assessed at water temperatures ranging from winter temperature (22°C) to three degrees above average peak summer temperature (31°C). A range of physiological parameters were measured in parents and offspring. 4. In brooding parents, feeding significantly increased protein concentration and more than tripled the number of released planulae. Planulae from unfed colonies had higher chlorophyll per symbiont concentration and concomitantly higher photosynthetic efficiency compared to planulae from fed parents. In settlement assays, planulae showed a similar thermal resistance as known for this Red Sea adult population. Mortality was greater in planulae from unfed parents at ambient and 3°C above ambient temperature despite higher per offspring investment in terms of total fatty acid content. Fatty acid profiles and relative abundances were generally conserved between different fed and unfed colonies but planulae were enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids relative to adults, i.e., 16:1, 18:1, 20:1, 22:1, and 24:1 isomers. 5. Ultimately the availability of zooplankton could influence population physiology and recruitment in corals.</p>
Data for: Simultaneous GPS-tracking of parents reveals a similar parental investment within pairs, but no immediate co-adjustment on a trip-to-trip basis
<p>This repository contains data for the paper: Kavelaars et al. 2021. Simultaneous GPS-tracking of parents reveals a similar parental investment within pairs, but no immediate co-adjustment on a trip-to-trip basis. <strong>Movement Ecology</strong>. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-021-00279-1</p>
A solitary ground-nesting wasp truncates its parental investment in response to detection of parasites
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Data from: Feeding increases the number of offspring but decreases parental investment of Red Sea coral Stylophora pistillata
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Data from: Cross-fostering eggs reveals that female collared flycatchers adjust clutch sex ratios according to parental ability to invest in offspring
Across animal taxa, reproductive success is generally more variable and more strongly dependent upon body condition for males than for females; in such cases, parents able to produce offspring in above-average condition are predicted to produce sons, whereas parents unable to produce offspring in good condition should produce daughters. We tested this hypothesis in the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) by cross-fostering eggs among nests and using the condition of foster young that parents raised to fledging as a functional measure of their ability to produce fit offspring. As predicted, females raising heavier-than-average foster fledglings with their social mate initially produced male-biased primary sex ratios, whereas those raising lighter-than-average foster fledglings produced female-biased primary sex ratios. Females also produced male-biased clutches when mated to males with large secondary sexual characters (wing patches), and tended to produce male-biased clutches earlier within breeding seasons relative to females breeding later. However, females did not adjust the sex of individuals within their clutches; sex was distributed randomly with respect to egg size, laying order, and paternity. Future research investigating the proximate mechanisms linking ecological contexts and the quality of offspring parents are able to produce with primary sex-ratio variation could provide fundamental insight into the evolution of context-dependent sex-ratio adjustment.
Data from: Comparative support for the expensive tissue hypothesis: big brains are correlated with smaller gut and greater parental investment in Lake Tanganyika cichlids
The brain is one of the most energetically expensive organs in the vertebrate body. Consequently, the energetic requirements of encephalization are suggested to impose considerable constraints on brain size evolution. Three main hypotheses concerning how energetic constraints might affect brain evolution predict covariation between brain investment and i) investment into other costly tissues, ii) overall metabolic rate, and iii) reproductive investment. To date, these hypotheses have mainly been tested in homeothermic animals and the existing data are inconclusive. However, there are good reasons to believe that energetic limitations might play a role in large-scale patterns of brain size evolution also in ectothermic vertebrates. Here we test these hypotheses in a group of ectothermic vertebrates, the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes. After controlling for the effect of shared ancestry and confounding ecological variables, we find a negative association between brain size and gut size. Furthermore, we find that the evolution of a larger brain is accompanied by increased reproductive investment into egg size and parental care. Our results indicate that the energetic costs of encephalization may be an important general factor involved in the evolution of brain size also in ectothermic vertebrates.
A long-lasting, distant journey of a male griffon vulture informs on the success of its mate solo parental investment
<p>CSV dataset</p>
Data from: Comparative support for the expensive tissue hypothesis: big brains are correlated with smaller gut and greater parental investment in Lake Tanganyika cichlids
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