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76 results for “patchiness”
Data and code for: A conceptual model-based sediment connectivity assessment for patchy agricultural catchments
<p>Authors: Pedro V G Batista, Peter Fiener, Simon Scheper, Christine Alewell</p> <p>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>Abstract</p> <p>The accelerated sediment supply from agricultural soils to riverine and lacustrine environments leads to negative off-site consequences. In particular, the sediment connectivity from agricultural land to surface waters is strongly affected by landscape patchiness and the linear structures that separate field parcels (e.g. roads, tracks, hedges, and grass buffer strips). Understanding the interactions between these structures and sediment transfer is therefore crucial for minimising off-site erosion impacts. Although soil erosion models can be used to understand lateral sediment transport patterns, model-based connectivity assessments are hindered by the uncertainty in model structures and input data. In specific, the representation of linear landscape features in numerical soil redistribution models is often compromised by the spatial resolution of the input data and the quality of the process descriptions. Here we adapted the WaTEM/SEDEM model using high resolution spatial data (2 m x 2 m) to analyse the sediment connectivity in a very patchy mesoscale catchment (73 km<sup>2</sup>) of the Swiss Plateau. We used a global sensitivity analysis to explore model structural assumptions about how linear landscape features (dis)connect the sediment cascade, which allowed us to investigate the uncertainty in the model structure. Furthermore, we compared model simulations of hillslope sediment yields from five sub-catchments to tributary sediment loads, which were calculated with long-term water discharge and suspended sediment measurements. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the assumptions about how the road network (dis)connects the sediment transfer from field blocks to water courses had a much higher impact on modelled sediment yields than the uncertainty in model parameters. Moreover, model simulations showed a higher agreement with tributary sediment loads when the road network was assumed to directly connect sediments from hillslopes to water courses. Our results ultimately illustrate how a high-density road network combined with an effective drainage system increases sediment connectivity from hillslopes to surface waters in agricultural landscapes. This further highlights the importance of considering linear landscape features and model structural uncertainty in soil erosion and sediment connectivity research.</p> <p> </p> <p>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>Metainformation</p> <p>This dataset includes:</p> <p>1 - The input data used for running the WaTEM/SEDEM model in the Baldegg catchment.</p> <p>2 - The discharge and sediment concentration data used for producing the sediment rating curves for the tributaries of the Lake Baldegg.</p> <p>3 - The model and sediment rating curve output data.</p> <p>4 - The R scripts for running the WaTEM/SEDEM model in the Baldegg catchment, the code for producing the sediment rating curves, and the code for summarising and analysing the model output data.</p> <p>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>The sediment concentration and water discharge data were supplied by Robert Lovas, from the Department of Environment and Energy of the Canton of Lucerne.</p> <p>The model input data were adapted from freely available ©swisstopo geodata products:</p> <p>Swisstopo. SwissALTI3D. Das hoch aufgelöste Terrainmodell der Schweiz, 2014.</p> <p>Swisstopo. Swiss Map Vector 25 Beta, Das digitale Landschaftsmodell der Schweiz. 2018.</p> <p>Swisstopo. SwissTLM3D. Das grossmassstäbliche Topografische Landschaftsmodell der Schweiz, 2020.</p> <p>----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>For further information we refer to our preprint: https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2021-231</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Genetic structure in patchy populations of a candidate foundation plant: a case study of Leymus chinensis using genetic and clonal diversity
<p><strong>PREMISE</strong>: The distribution of genetic diversity on the landscape has critical ecological and evolutionary implications. This may be especially the case on a local scale for foundation plant species since they create and define ecological communities, contributing disproportionately to ecosystem function.</p> <p><strong>METHODS</strong>: We examined the distribution of genetic diversity and clones, which we defined first as unique multilocus genotypes (MLG), and then by grouping similar MLGs into multilocus lineages (MLL). We used 186 markers from inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) across 358 ramets from 13 patches of the foundation grass <em>Leymus chinensis</em>. We examined the relationship between genetic and clonal diversities, their variation with patch-size, and the effect of the number of markers used to evaluate genetic diversity and structure in this species.</p> <p><strong>RESULTS</strong>: Every ramet had a unique MLG. Almost all patches consisted of individuals belonging to a single MLL. We confirmed this with a clustering algorithm to group related genotypes. The predominance of a single lineage within each patch could be the result of the accumulation of somatic mutations, limited dispersal, some sexual reproduction with partners mainly restricted to the same patch, or a combination of all three.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: We found strong genetic structure among patches of <em>L. chinensis</em>. Consistent with previous work on the species, the clustering of similar genotypes within patches suggests that clonal reproduction combined with somatic mutation, limited dispersal, and some degree of sexual reproduction among neighbors causes individuals within a patch to be more closely related than among patches.</p>
Regional and local factors interact to shape colonization and extinction dynamics of invasive Hydrilla verticillata in a patchy landscape
<p>Understanding the response of species to global change requires disentangling the drivers of their distributions across landscapes. Colonization and extinction processes, shaped by the interplay of landscape-level and local patch-level factors, are key determinants of these distributions. However, disentangling the influence of these factors, when larger-scale processes manifest at local scales, remains a challenge. We addressed this challenge by investigating the colonization and extinction dynamics of the aquatic plant, <em>Hydrilla verticillata</em>, in a complex riverine rock pool system. This system, with hundreds of rock pools experiencing varying flooding frequencies, provided a natural laboratory to examine how a single landscape-level disturbance can differentially impact colonization and extinction depending on local patch characteristics to shape species distributions. Using five years of data across over 500 sites and more than 5,000 surveys, we employed dynamic occupancy models to model colonization, extinction, and changes in <em>Hydrilla</em> patch occupancy while accounting for imperfect detection. Our results revealed that larger, infrequently flooded pools closer to the river were more likely to be colonized. In contrast, local extinction of Hydrilla was more likely in smaller pools closer to the river that flooded frequently. These findings underscore the importance of considering context-dependence in species distribution models. The same landscape-level disturbance (flooding) had opposing effects on colonization and extinction, with the direction and magnitude of these effects varying with local patch characteristics. Our study highlights the need for integrating local and landscape-level factors, and considering how larger-scale processes play out at the patch level, to understand the complex dynamics that shape species distributions.</p>
Text-fig. 6. Distribution of Oligocene continental sediments of Africa, revealing the patchy and incomplete coverage of the occurrences. The Tunisian sedimentary outcrops represent an important resource for the north-western part of the continent. in Arsinoitherium (Embrithopoda) And Other Large Mammals And Plants From The Oligocene Of Tunisia
Text-fig. 6. Distribution of Oligocene continental sediments of Africa, revealing the patchy and incomplete coverage of the occurrences. The Tunisian sedimentary outcrops represent an important resource for the north-western part of the continent.
Text-fig. 2. A – First small excavation trench in the newly discovered fossiliferous outcrop area of the Ploužnice lake horizon, locality "Small Ravine" south of the village Ploužnice on the slope of road No. 286. Typical are the red, violet and varicoloured tuffaceous siltstones. Semily Formation, Late Stephanian, Krkonoše Piedmont Basin. B – Basal part of fossiliferous 12 cm to14 cm thick reddish to purple-red tuffaceous siltstone bed from the trench in Text-fig. 2A. Internal bedding is expressed as horizontal but with diffuse changes in grain size from fine silt to coarse, fine sandy silt. Intercalated in places are 3 to 5 mm thick layers (indicated by arrows) with patchy concentrations of isolated fish remains, especially in the first 3 centimetres of this siltstone layer. The large white spot at 2.5 cm is a coprolite fragment. in Fossil Fauna And Flora Of A Re-Discovered Locality In The Late Carboniferous Ploužnice Horizon Of The Krkonoše Piedmont Basin, Bohemian Massif
Text-fig. 2. A – First small excavation trench in the newly discovered fossiliferous outcrop area of the Ploužnice lake horizon, locality "Small Ravine" south of the village Ploužnice on the slope of road No. 286. Typical are the red, violet and varicoloured tuffaceous siltstones. Semily Formation, Late Stephanian, Krkonoše Piedmont Basin. B – Basal part of fossiliferous 12 cm to14 cm thick reddish to purple-red tuffaceous siltstone bed from the trench in Text-fig. 2A. Internal bedding is expressed as horizontal but with diffuse changes in grain size from fine silt to coarse, fine sandy silt. Intercalated in places are 3 to 5 mm thick layers (indicated by arrows) with patchy concentrations of isolated fish remains, especially in the first 3 centimetres of this siltstone layer. The large white spot at 2.5 cm is a coprolite fragment.
Supplementary Figures for "Patchy Forsterite Clouds in the Atmospheres of Two Highly Variable Exoplanet Analogs" (Vos+ 2023)
<p>Supplementary figures for "Patchy Forsterite Clouds in the Atmospheres of Two Highly Variable Exoplanet Analogs" (Vos et al. 2023; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/acab58). The figures show posterior distributions from the retrievals for models that were not chosen as the preferred model. </p>
Genetic structure in patchy populations of a candidate foundation plant: a case study of Leymus chinensis using genetic and clonal diversity
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Regional and local factors interact to shape colonization and extinction dynamics of invasive Hydrilla verticillata in a patchy landscape
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Supporting data for "A convolution method to assess subgrid-scale interactions between flow and patchy vegetation in biogeomorphic models"
<p>Dataset necessary to reproduce the results and analyses presented in the paper:</p> <p>Gourgue, O., van Belzen, J., Schwarz, C., Bouma, T.J., van de Koppel, J. & Temmerman, S. (2020) A convolution method to assess subgrid-scale interactions between flow and patchy vegetation in biogeomorphic models, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, submitted.</p> <p>The dataset contains:</p> <ul> <li>Process-based model simulations, including their input files and the Python scripts to generate them (pre-processing), as well as the output files and Python scripts to post-process them.</li> <li>Flume experiment data processed for the model calibration.</li> <li>Python scripts to generate the figures and tables of the manuscript.</li> </ul>
Probing Patchy Reionization with the Void Probability Function in the era of RST
<p>Neutral hydrogen attenuates the Lyman-alpha emission of galaxies, dimming and increasing the apparent clustering of Lyman-Alpha Emitters (LAEs). LAEs are more likely to be observed in the regions that have already been ionized, so LAEs within more neutral intergalactic medium appear more clustered. Using the Jensen et al 2014 simulations of LAEs at various ionization fractions, we show how the Void Probability Function (VPF) measures the clustering signals caused by an increasingly neutral intergalactic medium. The VPF is sensitive to voids and can be easily compared for samples of the same number density, and therefore might be the best option for teasing out the particular clustering caused by 'inside-out' patchy reionization. We simulate what ionization fractions constraints the Lyman Alpha Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (LAGER) survey can give with the VPF, and motivate the use of the VPF for reionization surveys with WFIRST.</p>
patchy_diamonds
<p>Input files, all raw data (trajectories), calculated observables<br>and all the remaining data that support the findings of this study are available<br>from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.<br>Please contact corresponding author by an email.</p> <p>lukasz.baran@mail.umcs.pl</p> <p> </p>
patchy_tetrastack
<p>Input files, all raw data (trajectories), calculated observables<br>and all the remaining data that support the findings of this study are available<br>from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.<br>Please contact corresponding author by an email.</p> <p>lukasz.baran@mail.umcs.pl</p>
Data presented in Dupont et al. 2024 "Impact of dust source patchiness on the existence of a constant dust flux layer during aeolian erosion events"
<p>Meteorological and dust data used in Dupont et al. 2024. Data are based on measurements recorded above two erosive surfaces from two very different desert regions, one at a high-latitude location in Iceland and the other at a low-latitude location in Jordan. The Iceland campaign was co-organized by two projects: FRAGMENT (FRontiers in dust minerAloGical coMposition and its Effects upoN climaTe) and HiLDA (Iceland as a model for high-latitude dust sources – a combined experimental and <br>modeling approach for characterization of dust emission and transport processes); and the Jordan campaign (J-WADI: Jordan Wind erosion And Dust Investigation) was co-organized by the FRAGMENT and Helmholtz Young Investigator Group ``A big unknown in the climate impact of atmospheric aerosol: Mineral soil dust'' projects.</p>
Research data for: Patchy energy landscapes promote stability of small groups of active particles
<p>Research data supporting the pubblication "Patchy energy landscapes promote stability of small groups of active particles"</p>
Data and simulation scripts for the manuscript "Patchy charge distribution affects the pH in protein solutions during dialysis."
<p>A zip archive containing the following data:</p> <ul> <li>README.md file describing in detail how to navigate the archive</li> <li>LICENSE.md file describing the license under which the data can be used or reproduced</li> <li>python scripts required to reproduce the plots presented in the manuscript</li> <li>processed simulation results used by the plotting scripts</li> <li>python scripts required to run the simulations in order to reproduce the results</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Changes in plant community assembly from patchy degradation of grasslands and grazing by different-sized herbivores
<p>Grassland degradation caused by increases in livestock grazing threatens a variety of ecosystem services. Understanding changes in plant community assembly during the process of grassland degradation in the presence of grazing is important to help restore degraded grasslands worldwide but has received little attention thus far. The grassland degradation process is typified by heterogeneous degradation, i.e., gradual formation of degraded patches (hereafter "patchy degradation"). Here, we experimentally examined the effects of herbivore grazing and patchy degradation on plant community assembly using nine pairs of non-degraded (intact) and patch-degraded (fragmented) grasslands subject to grazing by different-sized herbivores (i.e., NG, no grazing; SG, sheep grazing; CG, cattle grazing) over four years. Using a null-model approach, we estimated the relative magnitude of deterministic processes of community assembly by comparing the observed and expected β-diversity. We found that in the absence of herbivore grazing, deterministic processes played a greater role in community assembly, regardless of whether patchy degradation had occurred. However, the deterministic processes resulted in plant communities being more spatially similar in non-degraded grasslands while being more dissimilar in patchy degraded grasslands. Compared with non-degraded grasslands, species with strong competitive abilities (i.e., Leymus chinensis) were less dominant in patchy degraded grasslands, indicating relaxed competition and a reduced role of species interactions over plant communities. Instead, patchy degradation added the role of environmental variables over plant communities. Sheep grazing consistently promoted more stochastic plant community assembly in both non-degraded and patch-degraded grasslands, while cattle grazing promoted more stochastic plant community assembly only in the non-degraded state, having no effect in the patch-degraded state. Our study offers important insights into changes in plant community assembly during ongoing patch-degradation of grasslands, indicating the role of increased environmental filtering of soil and reduced species interactions in driving plant community dynamics with increasing grassland patchy degradation. We also uncovered an herbivore species-specific effect on plant community assembly during the process of grassland degradation, which will better inform and improve future grassland restoration planning efforts.</p>
Patchy particle insights into self-assembly of transparent, graded index squid lenses
<p>Squids have spherical, gradient index lenses that maximize optical sensitivity while minimizing light scattering and geometric aberration. Previous studies have shown that the constituent lens proteins behave like patchy particles, and that a density gradient of packing fraction $\sim 0.01$ to $1$ assembles from a gradient of average particle valence, $\langle M\rangle$ $\approx 2.1$ to $\langle M\rangle$ $>6$. A priori, transparency requires that all regions within the larger gradient must minimize density fluctuations at length scales close to the wavelength of visible light. It is not known how a material can achieve this at all possible packing fractions via attractive interactions. We also observe that the set of proteins making the lens is remarkably polydisperse (there are around 40 isoforms expressed). Why does nature employ so many geometrically similar isoforms when theory suggests a few would suffice, and what, if any, is the physical role of the polydispersity? This study focuses on answering these questions for the sparsest regions of the lens, where the patchy nature of the system will have the largest influence on the final structure. We first simulated mixtures of bi- and trivalent patchy particles and found a strong influence of patch angle on the percolation and gel structure of the system. We then investigated the influence of the interaction polydispersity on the structure of the $M=2.1$ system. We find that increasing the variance in patch energies and single-patch angle appears decrease the length scale of density fluctuations while also moving the percolation line to lower temperature. S-crystallin geometry and polydispersity appear to contribute to promoting regular percolation of a gel structure while also limiting density fluctuations to small length scales, thereby promoting transparency in the annealed structure.</p>
Patchy particle insights into self-assembly of transparent, graded index squid lenses
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Changes in plant community assembly from patchy degradation of grasslands and grazing by different-sized herbivores
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Data from: Demographic rate directional change and its determinants reveal how plant species win in a patchy landscape with frequent droughts
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