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104 results for “paternal effects”
Effects of paternal temperature on larval performance in purple sea urchin
The data is used to support the manuscript “Leach, T. S., Hofmann, G. E. (2023). Marine heatwave temperatures enhance larval performance but are meditated by paternal thermal history and inter-individual differences in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Frontiers in Physiology. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1230590”
Paternal effects in a wild-type zebrafish implicate a role of sperm-derived small RNAs
<p>While the importance of maternal effects has long been appreciated, a growing body of evidence now points to the paternal environment having an important influence on offspring phenotype. Indeed, research on rodent models suggests that paternal stress leaves an imprint on the behaviour and physiology of offspring via non-genetic information carried in the spermatozoa, however fish have been understudied with regard to these sperm-mediated effects. Here we investigated whether the zebrafish was subject to heritable influences of paternal stress by exposing males to stressors (conspecific-derived alarm cue, chasing, and bright light) before mating and assessing the behavioural and endocrine responses of their offspring, including their behavioural response to conspecific-derived alarm cue. We found that after males are exposed to stress, their larval offspring show weakened responses to stressors. Small RNA sequencing subsequently revealed that the levels of several small noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, and tRNA-derived small RNAs, were altered in the spermatozoa of stressed fathers, suggesting that stress-induced alterations to the spermatozoal RNA landscape may contribute to shaping offspring phenotype. The work demonstrates that paternal stress should not be overlooked as a source of phenotypic variation and that spermatozoal small RNAs may be important intergenerational messengers in fish.</p>
Paternal environment effects are driven by female reproductive fluid but not sperm age in an external fertiliser
<p>Sperm ageing after ejaculation can generate paternal environmental effects that impact offspring fitness. In many species, female reproductive fluids (FRFs), i.e. ancillary fluids released by eggs or within the female reproductive tract, may protect sperm from ageing and can additionally interact with sperm to influence offspring viability. This raises the intriguing prospect that FRFs may alleviate paternal effects associated with sperm ageing. Here, we test this novel hypothesis using the broadcast spawning mussel, <em>Mytilus galloprovincialis.</em> We show that incubating sperm in FRF prior to fertilisation increases offspring viability and that these effects occur independently of sperm age. Our results provide novel evidence that FRFs allow females to selectively bias fertilisation toward higher quality sperm within an ejaculate, which in turn yields more viable offspring. We consider this FRF-mediated paternal effect in the context of female physiological control over fertilisation and the transgenerational effects of female-regulated haploid selection.</p>
A genome-wide test for paternal indirect genetic effects on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Exposing sires to various environmental manipulations has demonstrated that paternal effects can be non-trivial also in species where male investment in offspring is almost exclusively limited to sperm. Whether paternal effects also have a genetic component (i.e. paternal indirect genetic effects - PIGEs) in such species is however largely unknown, primarily because of methodological difficulties separating indirect from direct effects of genes. PIGEs may nevertheless be important, since they have the capacity to contribute to evolutionary change. Here we use Drosophila genetics to construct a breeding design that allows testing nearly complete haploid genomes (>99%) for PIGEs. Using this technique, we estimate the variance in male lifespan due to PIGEs among four populations and compare this to the total paternal genetic variance (the sum of paternal indirect and direct genetic effects). Our results indicate that a substantial part of the total paternal genetic variance results from PIGEs. A screen of 38 haploid genomes, randomly sampled from a single population, suggests that PIGEs also influence variation in lifespan within populations. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PIGEs may constitute an underappreciated source of phenotypic variation.</p>
No evidence for paternal age effects on sons or daughters, when accounting for paternal sperm storage
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Paternal environment effects are driven by female reproductive fluid but not sperm age in an external fertiliser
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Paternal effects in a wild-type zebrafish implicate a role of sperm-derived small RNAs
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A genome-wide test for paternal indirect genetic effects on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster
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Maternal and paternal age effects on male antler flies: a field experiment
<p><span>In many species, parental age at reproduction can influence offspring performance and lifespan, but the direction of these effects and the traits affected vary among studies. Data on parental age effects are still scarce in non-captive populations, especially insects, despite species such as fruit flies being models in laboratory-based aging research. We performed a biologically relevant experimental manipulation of maternal and paternal age at reproduction of antler flies (<i>Protopiophila litigata</i>) in the laboratory and tracked the adult lifespan and reproductive success of their male offspring released in the wild. Increased paternal, but not maternal, age somewhat increased sons' adult lifespan, while parental ages did not influence sons' mating rate or reproductive senescence. Our results indicate that while parental age effects do exist in an insect in the field, they may be beneficial in such a short-lived animal, in contrast to results from most wild vertebrates and laboratory invertebrates.</span></p>
Sex-specific intergenerational plasticity I: maternal and paternal effects on sons and daughters
<p>1. Intergenerational plasticity or parental effects – when parental environments alter the phenotype of future generations – can influence how organisms cope with environmental change. An intriguing, underexplored possibility is that sex –of both the parent and the offspring – plays an important role in driving the evolution of intergenerational plasticity in both adaptive and nonadaptive ways.</p> <p>2. Here, we evaluate the potential for sex-specific parental effects in a freshwater population of threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by independently and jointly manipulating maternal and paternal experiences and separately evaluating their phenotypic effects in sons versus daughters. We tested the adaptive hypothesis that daughters are more responsive to cues from their mother, while sons are more responsive to cues from their father.</p> <p>3. We exposed mothers, fathers, or both parents to visual cues of predation risk and measured offspring antipredator traits and brain gene expression.</p> <p>4. Predator-exposed fathers produced sons that were more risk-prone, while predator-exposed mothers produced more anxious sons and daughters. Further, maternal and paternal effects on offspring survival were nonadditive: offspring with a predator-exposed father, but not two predator-exposed parents, had lower survival against live predators. There were also strong sex-specific effects on brain gene expression: exposing mothers versus fathers to predation risk activated different transcriptional profiles in their offspring, and sons and daughters strongly differed in the ways in which their brain gene expression profiles were influenced by parental experience.</p> <p>5. We found little evidence to support the hypothesis that offspring prioritize their same-sex parent's experience. Parental effects varied with both the sex of the parent and the offspring in complicated and nonadditive ways. Failing to account for these sex-specific patterns (e.g., by pooling sons and daughters) would have underestimated the magnitude of parental effects. Altogether, these results draw attention to the potential for sex to influence patterns of intergenerational plasticity and raise new questions about the interface between intergenerational plasticity and sex-specific selective pressures, sexual conflict, and sexual selection. </p>
Condition dependent seminal fluid gene expression and intergenerational paternal effects on ejaculate quality
<p>1. There is increasing evidence to show that the environment experienced by fathers can have intergenerational paternal effects on the phenotype of offspring. Paternal effects can be mediated by ejaculate traits beyond the genes carried by sperm, for example through methylation of DNA during spermatogenesis, or non-sperm components of the ejaculate such as small RNAs or seminal fluid proteins (sfp).<br> 2. Theory suggests that ejaculate-mediated paternal effects can have important evolutionary consequences, especially if they exhibit condition dependent expression. Here we use the nutritional geometry approach to explore condition dependence in ejaculate traits and intergenerational paternal effects in the cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus.<br> 3. We fed males one of 24 chemically defined diets that varied in macronutrient concentration and the ratio of protein (P) to carbohydrate (C). We measured paternal expenditure on testes and accessory gland growth, and the expression of three seminal fluid protein genes that are known to impact sperm viability and the survival of embryos to hatching. We also measured the hatching success and reproductive phenotypes of adult offspring.<br> 4. We found linear effects of P and C on testes and accessory gland mass, and linear and correlated effects of P and C on the expression of two sfp genes. Paternal diet had no effect on the survival of embryos to hatching.<br> 5. There were significant intergenerational effects of paternal diet on the viability of sperm produced by sons, but no paternal effects on the expression of sfp genes in sons or fecundity in daughters.<br> 6. Our data suggest that ejaculate quality can have a significant non-genetic component determined by the paternal environment, which holds important implications for the evolutionary maintenance of variation in heritable male fitness.</p>
Effects of nest-site availability on male-male competition and the foraging costs associated with paternal care in a resource-defense species
<p><strong>Effects of nest-site availability on male-male competition and associated costs of nest site maintenance and paternal care in a resource-defense species</strong></p> <p>This repository contains the .csv files used for the statistical analyses of the study "Effects of nest-site availability on male-male competition and associated costs of nest site maintenance and paternal care in a resource-defense species". In case of questions, please email Laís A. Grossel: <a href="mailto:laisgrossel@gmail.com">laisgrossel@gmail.com</a></p> <p><strong>Data files and structure</strong></p> <p>We have files for the analysis with field and experimental data.</p> <p>With the file <strong>field.csv</strong> we tested the probability of males obtaining a nest and receiving eggs from females. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>maleID:</strong> identity of males in the field</li> <li><strong>DSW:</strong> dorsal scute width, in mm</li> <li><strong>mass:</strong> to the nearest 0.001 g</li> <li><strong>nest_possession:</strong> with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not possess a nest and 1 if the male possessed a nest</li> <li><strong>nest_opening:</strong> in cm</li> <li><strong>parental_status:</strong> with 3 levels: 0 if the male did not have a nest, 1: if the male had a nest but no eggs, and 2: if the male had a nest and eggs</li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>experiment_nests.csv</strong> we tested predictions related with the nest possession. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nests</li> <li><strong>occupation:</strong> if the nest was once occupied during the experiment, with 2 levels: 0 if it was never occupied and 1 if it was occupied at least once</li> <li><strong>occupied_scans:</strong> number of scans with any male inside the nest</li> <li><strong>vacant_scans:</strong> number of scans without any male inside the nest</li> <li><strong>total_scans:</strong> total number of observation scans </li> <li><strong>owners:</strong> number of different owners of the nest (at least 6 consecutive scans)</li> <li><strong>turnover:</strong> if there was at least a substitution of the nest owner without figths, with 2 levels: 0 if there was not any substitution and 1 if there was a substitution</li> <li><strong>turnovers_number:</strong> number of substitutions of the nest owner without figths</li> <li><strong>takeover:</strong> if there was at least a takeover attempt of the nest after figths, with 2 levels: 0 if there was not any attempt and 1 if there was an attempt</li> <li><strong>takeovers_number:</strong> number of takeover attempts of the nest after figths</li> <li><strong>fight:</strong> if there was at least a figth inside or close to the nest, with 2 levels: 0 if there was not any figth and 1 if there was a figth</li> <li><strong>fights_number:</strong> number of figths inside or close to the nest</li> <li><strong>canibalism:</strong> if there was at least a cannibalism event inside the nest, 2 levels: 0 if there was not any cannibalism event and 1 if there was a cannibalism event</li> <li><strong>canibalism_number:</strong> number of cannibalism events inside the nest</li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>experiment_males.csv</strong> we tested predictions related to the males owners. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>maleID:</strong> identitity of the males</li> <li><strong>DSW:</strong> dorsal scute width, in mm</li> <li><strong>nest_possession:</strong> with 2 levels: 0 if the male never possessed a nest during the experiment and 1 if the male possessed a nest at least once (6 consecutive scans)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nest possessed by the male</li> <li><strong>inside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male inside his nest</li> <li><strong>outside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male outside his nest</li> <li><strong>total_scans:</strong> total number of scans in which the male was the owner of the nest</li> <li><strong>takeover:</strong> if the male suffered a takeover attempt of his nest, with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not suffer any attempt and 1 if the male suffered an attempt</li> <li><strong>eggs:</strong> if the male received eggs from a female, with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not receive eggs and 1 if the male received eggs</li> <li><strong>eggs_number:</strong> number of eggs received </li> <li><strong>cannibalism:</strong> if the owner male cannibalized the eggs inside the nest, 2 levels: 0 if the male did not cannibalize eggs and 1 if the male cannibalized eggs</li> <li><strong>cannibalism_number:</strong> number of cannibalism events by the owner male </li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>fights-takeovers.csv</strong> we tested predictions related with nest takeovers. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nest possessed by the male</li> <li><strong>focalID:</strong> identitity of the focal males (the owner nest)</li> <li><strong>DSW:</strong> dorsal scute width, in mm</li> <li><strong>fight:</strong> if the male was involved in at least a figth, with 2 levels: 0 if the male was not involved in any figth and 1 if the male was involved in a figth</li> <li><strong>takeover:</strong> if the male suffered a takeover attempt of his nest, with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not suffer any attempt and 1 if the male suffered an attempt. Obs: the nest takeover always happens after a fight. If there was a takeover, then there was a fight too.</li> <li><strong>res_focal: </strong>result of the figth or takeover for the focal male, with 2 levels: 0 if the focal male did not lose the figth or the nest and 1 if the focal male lost the figth or the nest</li> <li><strong>intruderID:</strong> identity of the intruder male involved in the figth or the takeover with the owner male</li> <li><strong>intruder_DSL: </strong>dorsal scute width of the intruder male, in mm</li> <li><strong>dyad:</strong> identity of the two individuals involved in the figth or takeover (owner male and intruder male)</li> <li><strong>DSW_difference:</strong> difference between the dorsal scute width of the dyad (focal male minus intruder male)</li> </ul> <p>With the file <strong>foraging.csv</strong> we tested a prediction related with males foraging. In this file, we have the headers:</p> <ul> <li><strong>terrariaID:</strong> identity of the 14 terraria (containing 4 or 8 nests)</li> <li><strong>exp_group:</strong> experimental group, with 2 levels of nests availability: low (4 nests per terraria) and high (8 nests per terraria)</li> <li><strong>nestID:</strong> identity of the nest possessed by the male</li> <li><strong>maleID:</strong> identitity of the males</li> <li><strong>parental_status:</strong> with 2 levels: 0 if the male did not have eggs in the nest and 1: if the male had eggs</li> <li><strong>inside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male inside his nest</li> <li><strong>outside_scans:</strong> number of scans with the male outside his nest</li> <li><strong>total_scans:</strong> total number of scans in which the male was the owner of the nest</li> </ul>
Data from: What doesn't kill you makes you stronger? Effects of paternal age at conception on fathers and sons
<p>Advancing male age is often hypothesised to reduce both, male fertility and offspring quality due to reproductive senescence. However, the effects of advancing male age on reproductive output and offspring quality are not always deleterious. For example, older fathers might buffer effects of reproductive senescence by terminally investing in reproduction. Similarly, males that survive to reproduce at an old age, might carry alleles that confer high viability (viability selection) which are then inherited by offspring, or might have high reproductive potential (selective disappearance). Differentiating these mechanisms requires an integrated experimental study of paternal survival and reproductive performance, as well as offspring quality, which is currently lacking. Using a cross-sectional study in <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, we test the effects of paternal age at conception (PAC) on paternal survival and reproductive success, and on the lifespans of sons. We discover that mating at an old age is linked with decreased future male survival, suggesting that mating-induced mortality is possibly due to old fathers being frail. We find no evidence for terminal investment, and show that reproductive senescence in fathers does not onset until their late-adult life. Additionally, we find that as a father's lifespan increases, his probability of siring offspring increases, for older PAC treatments only. Lastly, we show that sons born to older fathers live longer than those born to younger fathers, due to viability selection. Collectively, our results suggest that advancing paternal age is not necessarily associated with deleterious effects for offspring, and may even lead to older fathers producing longer-lived offspring.</p>
Paternal Effects 2018
<p>Dataset for manuscript " Early life of fathers affects offspring fitness in a wild rodent " (van Cann et al., 2019; Journal of Evolutionary Biology)</p> <p> </p>
Sex-specific paternal age effects on offspring quality in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Advanced paternal age has been repeatedly shown to modulate offspring quality via male- and/or female-driven processes, and there are theoretical reasons to expect that some of these effects can be sex-specific. For example, sex allocation theory predicts that, when mated with low-condition males, mothers should invest more in their daughters compared to their sons. This is because male fitness is generally more condition-dependent and more variable than female fitness, which makes it less risky to invest in female offspring. Here, we explore whether paternal age can affect the quality and quantity of offspring in a sex-specific way using Drosophila melanogaster as model organism. In order to understand the contribution of male-driven processes on paternal age effects, we also measured the seminal vesicle size of young and older males and explored its relationship with reproductive success and offspring quality. Older males had lower competitive reproductive success, as expected, but there was no difference between the offspring sex ratio of young and older males. However, we found that paternal age caused an increase in offspring quality (i.e., offspring weight), and that this increase was more marked in daughters than sons. We discuss different male- and female-driven processes that may explain such sex-specific paternal age effects.</p>
Data for: The effect of seminal fluid gene expression on paternity
<p>When females mate with more than one male, competition between rival ejaculates is expected to favour adaptations that promote fertilization success. There is now compelling evidence that sperm competition selects for increased production and allocation of sperm. However, sperm come packaged in ejaculates that also contain protein rich seminal fluids. Predicting how males should allocate individual seminal fluid proteins in response to sperm competition is hampered by our limited knowledge of their precise function. We use gene expression studies and interference RNA to ask how seminal fluid proteins in the ejaculate of a cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus, affect a male's paternity share when in competition for fertilizations. We find that the relative expression of one seminal fluid gene, gagein, positively effects the paternity share of competing males, and that knockdown of this and two other seminal fluid protein genes renders males mating in the offensive role of sperm competition incapable of fathering living offspring. Despite having a negative effect on offspring viability these seminal fluid genes have been found to be up regulated in response to rival males, consistent with a role in promoting competitive fertilization success. Our data contribute to a growing body of evidence that, like sperm, seminal fluid gene expression is subject to post-mating sexual selection via sperm competition.</p>
Data for: The effect of seminal fluid gene expression on paternity
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Maternal quality, paternal effects, and sibling interactions influence seed size in the eelgrass, Zostera marina
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Data from: What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger? Effects of paternal age at conception on fathers and sons
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Maternal and paternal age effects on male antler flies: a field experiment
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