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41 results for “pathogen protection”
Fig. 3 in Effects of a pathogenic Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain on detoxifying and protective enzyme activities in Xylotrechus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae
Fig. 3. Effects of infection by Beauveria bassiana strain BbCC01 on protective enzyme activity in Xylotrechus rusticus larvae over time. A. Catalase (CAT). B. Peroxidase (POD). C. Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Data are expressed as mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters indicate significant differences between means (P <0.05).
Fig. 4 in Effects of a pathogenic Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain on detoxifying and protective enzyme activities in Xylotrechus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae
Fig. 4. Change of the protein content in Xylotrechus rusticus larvae infected with Beauveria bassiana strain BbCC01. Data are expressed as mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters indicate significant differences between means (P <0.05).
Fig. 2 in Effects of a pathogenic Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strain on detoxifying and protective enzyme activities in Xylotrechus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larvae
Fig. 2. Effects of infection by Beauveria bassiana strain BbCC01 on detoxifying enzyme activity in Xylotrechus rusticus larvae over time. A. Carboxylesterase (CarE). B. Glutathione S-transferase (GST). C. Acetylesterase (AchE). Data are expressed as mean ± SE (n = 3). Different letters indicate significant differences between means (P <0.05).
Fig. 4 in Assessing the natural circulation of canine vector-borne pathogens in foxes, ticks and fleas in protected areas of Argentine Patagonia with negligible dog participation
Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood tree based on the Tamura-Nei model of selected sequences from Hepatozoon sp. The name of the sequence indicates the GenBank accession number and host species. The percentage of trees in which the associated taxa clustered together (bootstrap values) is shown next to the branches.
Fig. 3 in Assessing the natural circulation of canine vector-borne pathogens in foxes, ticks and fleas in protected areas of Argentine Patagonia with negligible dog participation
Fig. 3. Abundance of Amblyomma tigrinum in grey foxes depending on the Hepatozoon infection status of the fox. (*) indicates significant differences.
Fig. 2 in Assessing the natural circulation of canine vector-borne pathogens in foxes, ticks and fleas in protected areas of Argentine Patagonia with negligible dog participation
Fig. 2. Abundance of Pulex irritans and Amblyomma tigrinum in grey foxes depending on the study area. (*) indicates significant differences.
Fig. 1 in Assessing the natural circulation of canine vector-borne pathogens in foxes, ticks and fleas in protected areas of Argentine Patagonia with negligible dog participation
Fig. 1. Map of Latin America, showing the study areas in the insert. Black circle: Bosques Petrificados National Park; grey circle: Monte León National Park.
Microbiome diversity protects against pathogens by nutrient blocking
<p>The human gut microbiome plays an important role in resisting colonisation of the host by pathogens, but we lack the ability to predict which communities will be protective. We studied how human gut bacteria influence colonisation of two major bacterial pathogens, both <em>in vitro</em> and in gnotobiotic mice. While single species alone had negligible effects, colonisation resistance greatly increased with community diversity. Moreover, this community-level resistance rested critically upon certain species being present. We explain these ecological patterns via the collective ability of resistant communities to consume nutrients that overlap with those used by the pathogen. Further, we apply our findings to successfully predict communities that resist a novel target strain. Our work provides a reason why microbiome diversity is beneficial and suggests a route for the rational design of pathogen-resistant communities.</p>
Achieving bio-protection in New Zealand ecosystems mesocosm fungal pathogen OTU table
<p>We established 80 experimental ecosystems (mesocosms), manipulated interactions between plants and soil biota in a fully factorial design. Each mesocosm was grown in a 125 L pot (575 mm diameter), and comprised one of 20 unique, eight-species plant communities varying orthogonally in the proportion of exotic and woody shrub/tree species (0-100% and 0-63%, respectively). These plants were taken from a pool of 20 exotic and 19 native/endemic New Zealand plant species. Soil biota were manipulated using a modified plant-soil feedback approach, where each plant species was grown in monoculture in 10 L pots containing field-collected soil for 9-10 months, allowing the conditioning of typical associated soil biota for each of the plant species. We created 'home' soils by taking the conditioned soil from each of the eight representative species in a mesocosm and mixing it together to create a single inoculum. Each 'home' soil mixture was also used as an 'away soil' in a different mesocosm that did not contain any of the representative plants in that inoculum. These soils were intended to increase the relative biomass in inocula of specialized and preferred interaction partners of the resident (or non-resident) plant species. After approximately one year of growth, we harvested all plants from each mesocosm, took root samples from each individual plant (n=491), extracted DNA and sequenced the fungi in the roots. Fungal sequences were paired and clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% similarity. We assigned functional attributes to fungal OTUs using the FUNGUILD database and retained only the taxa assigned as "probable" or "highly probable" plant pathogens.</p>
Maternal antibodies provide strain-specific protection against infection with the Lyme disease pathogen in bank voles
<p>Raw data for manuscript titled, "Maternal antibodies provide strain-specific protection against infection with the Lyme disease pathogen in bank voles". This manuscript was submitted to Applied and Environmental Microbiology and was assigned the manuscript ID number AEM01887-19R1.</p>
An aphid symbiont confers protection against a specialized RNA virus, another increases vulnerability to the same pathogen
<p>Insects often harbor heritable symbionts that provide defense against specialized natural enemies, yet little is known about symbiont protection when hosts face simultaneous threats. In pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), the facultative endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa confers protection against the parasitoid, Aphidius ervi, and Regiella insecticola protects against aphid-specific fungal pathogens, including Pandora neoaphidis. Here we investigated whether these two common aphid symbionts protect against a specialized virus A. pisum virus (APV), and whether their anti-fungal and anti-parasitoid services are impacted by APV infection. We found that APV imposed large fitness costs on symbiont-free aphids and these costs were elevated in aphids also housing H. defensa. In contrast, APV titers were significantly reduced and costs to APV infection were largely eliminated in aphids with R. insecticola. To our knowledge, R. insecticola is the first aphid symbiont shown to protect against a viral pathogen, and only the second arthropod symbiont reported to do so. In contrast, APV infection did not impact the protective services of either R. insecticola or H. defensa. To better understand APV biology, we produced five genomes and examined transmission routes. We found that moderate rates of vertical transmission, combined with horizontal transfer through food plants, were the major route of APV spread, although lateral transfer by parasitoids also occurred. Transmission was unaffected by facultative symbionts. In summary, the presence and species identity of facultative symbionts resulted in highly divergent outcomes for aphids infected with APV, while not impacting defensive services that target other enemies. These findings add to the diverse phenotypes conferred by aphid symbionts, and to the growing body of work highlighting extensive variation in symbiont-mediated interactions.</p>
Lasius flavus ants protect root aphid eggs from predators and pathogens during winter hibernation
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Achieving bio-protection in New Zealand ecosystems mesocosm fungal pathogen OTU table
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An aphid symbiont confers protection against a specialized RNA virus, another increases vulnerability to the same pathogen
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Microbiome diversity protects against pathogens by nutrient blocking
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Data from: Hosts do not simply outsource pathogen resistance to protective symbionts
Microbial symbionts commonly protect their hosts from natural enemies, but it is unclear how protective symbionts influence the evolution of host immunity to pathogens. One possibility is that 'extrinsic' protection provided by symbionts allows hosts to reduce investment in 'intrinsic' immunological resistance mechanisms. We tested this idea using pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and their facultative bacterial symbionts that increase host resistance to the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis. The pea aphid taxon is composed of multiple host plant associated populations called biotypes, which harbour characteristic communities of symbionts. We found that biotypes that more frequently carry protective symbionts have higher, rather than lower, levels of intrinsic resistance. Within a biotype there was no difference in intrinsic resistance between clones that did and did not carry a protective symbiont. The host plant on which an aphid feeds did not strongly influence intrinsic resistance. We describe a simple conceptual model of the interaction between intrinsic and extrinsic resistance and suggest that our results may be explained by selection favouring both the acquisition of protective symbionts and enhanced intrinsic resistance in habitats with high pathogen pressure. Such combined protection is potentially more robust than intrinsic resistance alone.
Data from: Protection against a fungal pathogen conferred by the aphid facultative endosymbionts Rickettsia and Spiroplasma is expressed in multiple host genotypes and species and is not influenced by co-infection with another symbiont
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Data from: Hosts do not simply outsource pathogen resistance to protective symbionts
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Induction of Protective Immune Responses by OMVs-Based Nanovaccine Against Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Poultry
<p>Table S1. Primers used for quantitative real-time PCR in this study.</p>
Data from: Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host
The fitness effects of symbionts on their hosts can be context-dependent, with usually benign symbionts causing detrimental effects when their hosts are stressed, or typically parasitic symbionts providing protection towards their hosts (e.g. against pathogen infection). Here, we studied the novel association between the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus and its fungal ectosymbiont Laboulbenia formicarum for potential costs and benefits. We tested ants with different Laboulbenia levels for their survival and immunity under resource limitation and exposure to the obligate killing entomopathogen Metarhizium brunneum. While survival of L. neglectus workers under starvation was significantly decreased with increasing Laboulbenia levels, host survival under Metarhizium exposure increased with higher levels of the ectosymbiont, suggesting a symbiont-mediated anti-pathogen protection, which seems to be driven mechanistically by both improved sanitary behaviours and an upregulated immune system. Ants with high Laboulbenia levels showed significantly longer self-grooming and elevated expression of immune genes relevant for wound repair and antifungal responses (β-1,3-glucan binding protein, Prophenoloxidase), compared with ants carrying low Laboulbenia levels. This suggests that the ectosymbiont Laboulbenia formicarum weakens its ant host by either direct resource exploitation or the costs of an upregulated behavioural and immunological response, which, however, provides a prophylactic protection upon later exposure to pathogens.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.