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54 results for “pea aphids”
Data from: Rapid turnover of a pea aphid superclone mediated by thermal endurance in central Chile
<p>Global change drivers are imposing novel conditions on Earth's ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Among them, biological invasions and climate change are of critical concern. It is generally thought that strictly asexual populations will be more susceptible to rapid environmental alterations due to their lack of genetic variability and, thus, of adaptive responses. In this study, we evaluated the persistence of a widely distributed asexual lineage of the alfalfa race of the pea aphid, <em>Acyrthosiphon pisum, </em>along a latitudinal transect of approximately 600 Km in central Chile after facing environmental change for a decade. Based on microsatellite markers, we found an almost total replacement of the original aphid superclone by a new variant. Considering the unprecedented warming that this region has experienced in recent years, we experimentally evaluated the reproductive performance of these two <em>A. pisum</em> lineages at different thermal regimes. The new variant exhibits higher rates of population increase at warmer temperatures, and computer simulations employing a representative temperature dataset suggest that it might competitively displace the original superclone. These results support the idea of a superclone turnover mediated by differential reproductive performance under changing temperatures.</p>
Deep Learning Annotation Dataset and Images of Pea Aphids
<p><span>The small size and extensive polymorphisms of aphids make it difficult to identify larvae and adults solely based on their morphology. Here, we present an identification tool for the developmental stages of <em>Acyrthosiphon</em> <em>pisum</em> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on deep learning as a proof of concept. You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm is one of the most effective deep learning techniques for object detection. Although several studies have been conducted using deep learning technology for the detection and counting of tiny pests, the type of light source and size of the images were the limiting factors, as training was highly focused on uniform datasets and small insects. One way to overcome this problem is to introduce many types of datasets obtained from various light sources and microscopic magnifications. This strategy minimizes errors and omissions in aphid detection across all developmental stages in aphid individuals to the greatest extent possible. The experimental results showed that our modified YOLOv8 model could obtain over 95.9% and 99% accuracy for mean average precision (mAP) and Recall, respectively, under various light sources, such as yellow, white, and natural light, and stereomicroscope magnifications. This study showed an improved accuracy of aphid recognition at all developmental stages.</span><span> </span><span>The study presents a novel deep learning model utilizing the YOLO algorithm to identify developmental stages of </span><em><span>A</span></em><span>. </span><em><span>pisum</span></em><span>. This model achieves high accuracy across various light sources and magnifications, thereby enhancing aphid biology studies.</span></p>
Pea aphid winged and wingless males exhibit reproductive, gene expression, and lipid metabolism differences
<p><span>Alternative, intraspecific phenotypes offer an opportunity to identify the mechanistic basis of differences associated with distinctive life-history strategies. Wing dimorphic insects, in which both flight-capable and flight-incapable individuals occur in the same population, are particularly well-studied in terms of why and how the morphs trade-off flight for reproduction. Yet despite a wealth of studies examining the differences between female morphs, little is known about male differences, which could arise from different causes than those acting on females. Here we examined reproductive, gene expression, and biochemical differences between pea aphid (<em>Acyrthosiphon pisum</em>) winged and wingless males. We find that winged males are competitively superior in one-on-one mating circumstances, but wingless males reach reproductive maturity faster and have larger testes. We suggest that males </span><span>tradeoff increased local matings with concurrent possible inbreeding for outbreeding and increased ability to find mates. At the mechanistic level, differential gene expression between the morphs revealed a possible role for activin and insulin signaling in morph differences; it also highlighted genes not previously identified as being functionally important in wing polymorphism, such as genes likely involved in sperm production. Further, we find that winged males have higher lipid levels, consistent with their use as flight fuel, but we find no consistent patterns of different levels of activity among five enzymes associated with lipid biosynthesis. Overall, our analyses provide evidence that winged versus wingless males exhibit differences at the reproductive, biochemical, and gene expression levels, expanding the field's understanding of the functional aspects of morph differences.</span></p>
Dopamine mediates the pea aphid wing plasticity
<p><span>Many organisms exhibit phenotypic plasticity, in which developmental processes result in different phenotypes depending on their environmental context. We focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying that environmental response. Pea aphids (<em>Acyrthosiphon</em> <em>pisum</em>) show a wing dimorphism, in which pea aphid mothers produce winged or wingless daughters when exposed to a crowded or low-density environment, respectively. We investigated the role of dopamine in mediating this wing plasticity, motivated by a previous study that found higher dopamine titers in wingless- versus winged-producing aphid mothers. In this study, we found that manipulating dopamine levels in aphid mothers affected the number of winged offspring they produced. Specifically, asexual female adults injected with a dopamine agonist produced a lower percentage of winged offspring, while asexual females injected with a dopamine antagonist produced a higher percentage of winged offspring, matching expectations based on the titer difference. We also found that genes involved in dopamine synthesis, degradation, and signaling were not differentially expressed between wingless- and winged-producing aphids. This result indicates that titer regulation happens in a non-transcriptional manner or that we sampled non-relevant timepoints or tissue. Overall, our work emphasizes that dopamine is an important component of how organisms process information about their environments.</span></p>
Data from: Rapid turnover of a pea aphid superclone mediated by thermal endurance in central Chile
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Dopamine mediates the pea aphid wing plasticity
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Pea aphid winged and wingless males exhibit reproductive, gene expression, and lipid metabolism differences
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Data from: Pea aphid wing plasticity variation has a multigenic basis
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Raw data : Population Dynamics and Yield Loss Assessment for Pea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Lentil in Morocco
<p>Raw data to describes the population fluctuation of pea aphid over different seasons and their effects on yield loss in Morocco.</p> <p> </p>
Extreme developmental instability is associated with the pea aphid wing plasticity
A key focus of evolutionary developmental biology is on how phenotypic diversity is generated. In particular, both plasticity and developmental instability can contribute to phenotypic variation among genetically identical individuals, but the interactions between the two phenomena and their general fitness impacts are unclear. We discovered a striking example of asymmetry in pea aphids: the presence of wings on one side and the complete or partial absence of wings on the opposite side. We used this asymmetric phenotype to study the connection between plasticity, developmental instability, and fitness. We found that this asymmetry equally affects both sides and thus is a developmental instability; is present in some genetically unique lines but not others and thus has a genetic basis; and has intermediate levels of fecundity, and thus does not necessarily have negative fitness consequences. We conclude that this dramatic asymmetry may arise from incomplete switching between developmental targets, linking plasticity and developmental instability. We posit that what we have observed may be a more widespread phenomenon, occurring across species that routinely produce distinct, alternative phenotypes.
Wing plasticity and associated gene expression varies across the pea aphid biotype complex
Developmental phenotypic plasticity is a widespread phenomenon that allows organisms to produce different adult phenotypes in response to different environments. Investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying plasticity has the potential to reveal the precise changes that lead to the evolution of plasticity as a phenotype. Here, we study wing plasticity in multiple host-plant adapted populations of pea aphids as a model for understanding adaptation to different environments within a single species. We describe the wing plasticity response of different 'biotypes' to a crowded environment and find differences within as well as among biotypes. We then use transcriptome profiling to compare a highly plastic pea aphid genotype to one that shows no plasticity and find that the latter exhibits no gene expression differences between environments. We conclude that the loss of plasticity has been accompanied by a loss of differential gene expression and therefore that genetic assimilation has occurred. Our gene expression results generalize previous studies that have shown a correlation between plasticity in morphology and gene expression.
Cryptic community structure and metabolic interactions among the heritable facultative symbionts of the pea aphid
<p>Most insects harbor influential, yet non-essential heritable microbes in their hemocoel. Communities of these symbionts exhibit low diversity. But their frequent multi-species nature raises intriguing questions on roles for symbiont-symbiont synergies in host adaptation, and on the stability of the symbiont communities, themselves. In this study, we build on knowledge of species-defined symbiont community structure across United States populations of the pea aphid, <em>Acyrthosiphon</em> <em>pisum</em>. Through extensive symbiont genotyping, we show that pea aphids' microbiomes can be more precisely defined at the symbiont strain level, with strain variability shaping ~5 out of 9 previously reported co-infection trends. Field data provide a mixture of evidence for symbiont-symbiont synergies, and symbiont hitchhiking, revealing causes and consequences of these co-infection trends. To test whether within-host metabolic interactions predict common versus rare strain-defined communities, we leveraged the high relatedness of our dominant, community-defined symbiont strains vs. twelve pea aphid-derived Gammaproteobacteria with sequenced genomes. Genomic inference, using metabolic complementarity indices, revealed high potential for cooperation among one pair of symbionts – <em>Serratia</em> <em>symbiotica</em> and <em>Rickettsiella</em> <em>viridis</em>. Applying the expansion network algorithm, through additional use of pea aphid and obligate <em>Buchnera</em> symbiont genomes, <em>Serratia</em> and <em>Rickettsiella</em> emerged as the only symbiont community requiring both parties to expand holobiont metabolism. Through their joint expansion of the biotin biosynthesis pathway, these symbionts may span missing gaps within a multi-party mutualism, within their nutrient-limited phloem-feeding hosts. Recent, complementary gene inactivation, within the biotin pathways of <em>Serratia</em> and <em>Rickettsiella</em>, raise further questions on the origins of mutualisms and host-symbiont interdependencies.</p>
Extreme developmental instability is associated with the pea aphid wing plasticity
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Effects of a protease inhibitor protein on Buchnera aphidicola and gene expression in pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum)
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Effects of benign and heat-stress conditions on parent clones and their selfed offspring of the pea aphid
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Raw data and code for: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus alters the phyllosphere microbial community of alfalfa and modifies plant defenses against dual pea aphid and pathogen attack
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Data from: Embryonic exposure to heat impacts development time, adult morphology, and fecundity in pea aphids
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Cryptic community structure and metabolic interactions among the heritable facultative symbionts of the pea aphid
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Wing plasticity and associated gene expression varies across the pea aphid biotype complex
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Data from: Genetic control of contagious asexuality in the pea aphid
Although evolutionary transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction are frequent in eukaryotes, the genetic bases of such shifts toward asexuality remain largely unknown. We addressed this issue in an aphid species where both sexual and obligate asexual lineages coexist in natural populations. These sexual and asexual lineages may occasionally interbreed because some asexual lineages maintain a residual production of males potentially able to mate with the females produced by sexual lineages. Hence, this species is an ideal model to study the genetic basis of the loss of sexual reproduction with quantitative genetic and population genomic approaches. Our analysis of the co-segregation of ~300 molecular markers and reproductive phenotype in experimental crosses pinpointed an X-linked region controlling obligate asexuality, this state of character being recessive. A population genetic analysis (>400-marker genome scan) on wild sexual and asexual genotypes from geographically distant populations under divergent selection for reproductive strategies detected a strong signature of divergent selection in the genomic region identified by the experimental crosses. These population genetic data confirm the implication of the candidate region in the control of reproductive mode in wild populations originating from 700 km apart. Patterns of genetic differentiation along chromosomes suggest bidirectional gene flow between populations with distinct reproductive modes, supporting contagious asexuality as a prevailing route to permanent parthenogenesis in pea aphids. This genetic system provides new insights into the mechanisms of coexistence of sexual and asexual aphid lineages.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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