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Ground temperature time series in European mountain permafrost
<p>RELATED PUBLICATION</p> <p>This dataset is related to the following publication:</p> <p><strong>Noetzli J., Isaksen, K., Barnett, J., Chrisitiansen, H.H., Delaloye, R., Etzelmueller, B., Farinotti, D., Gallemann, T., Guglielmin, M., Hauck, C., Hilbich, C., Hoelzle, M., Lambiel, C., Magnin, F., Oliva, M., Paro, L, Pogliotti, P., Riedl, C., Schoeneich, P., M., Valt, M., Vieli A., Philliips, M. (2024). Enhanced permafrost warming in Euro­pean mountains in the 21st century. Nature Communications, 15, 10508, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54831-9">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-54831-9</a>.</strong></p> <p><strong>==> </strong></p> <p><strong>For information on the measurements, selection criteria, processing information and data providers please refer to the methods, data availability and acknowledgements sections of the related publication ! </strong></p> <p> </p> <p>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>CONTENT</p> <p>The dataset includes monthly and annual time series of ground temperatures measured in 64 boreholes in European mountain permafrost areas and corresponding metadata.</p> <p>Temporal coverage: at least 10 years until 2022</p> <p>Spatial coverage: European mountain regions (Svalbard, Scandinavia, Iceland, European Alps, Sierra Nevada)</p> <p>Depth of measurements: at least 10 m; for all boreholes data of the sensors closest to 5, 10 and 20 m depth are included</p> <p>Monthly means are calculated from daily values and annual values are derived from monthly mean values.</p> <p> </p> <p>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>DATA COMPILATION</p> <p>The data were compiled to derive 10-year and 20-year warming rates in European mountain permafrost in the study by Noetzli et al. (in review, see above). Data were collected from national permafrost observation networks as well as from individual institutions (e.g, universities, environmental agencies).</p> <p>The aquisition of long time series over decades requires long-term committment from the responsible institutions to maintain instruments and to collect and curate the data. Details on the data source for each time series can be found in the metadata file as well as in the related publication. The main data sources by country are given in the list below.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Country</strong></td> <td><strong>Data source (institution or national network)</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Austria</td> <td>GeoSphere Austria</td> </tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>Réseau français d'observation du permafrost (PermaFrance, <a href="https://wslch365-my.sharepoint.com/personal/jeannette_noetzli_slf_ch/Documents/PermafrostEurope/permafrance.osug.fr">permafrance.osug.fr</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td>Bavarian Environment Agency</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Iceland</td> <td>University of Oslo</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td>ARPA Piemonte, ARPA Valle d'Aosta, ARPA Veneto, University of Insubria</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Norway</td> <td>Norwegian Permafrost Monitoring Network (<a href="https://cryo.met.no/">cryo.met.no</a> and <a href="http://sios-svalbard.org/">sios-svalbard.org</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Spain</td> <td>Universitat de Barcelona</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Svalbard</td> <td>Norwegian Permafrost Monitoring Network (<a href="https://cryo.met.no/">cryo.met.no</a> and <a href="http://sios-svalbard.org/">sios-svalbard.org</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sweden</td> <td>University of Stockholm</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland</td> <td>Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network PERMOS (<a href="http://www.permos.ch">http://www.permos.ch</a>)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>FILES AND FORMAT</p> <p>This data set includes three csv-files: <br>1) metadata with information on the measurement location and data provider<br>2) monthly ground temperature time series and <br>3) annual ground temperature time series. </p> <p>The variables in the three files are described below. Data files are in long data format.</p> <p><strong>File 1 – borehole_overview.csv<br></strong>Key information on the boreholes, responsible institutions and contact persons.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Variable</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Name</td> <td>Name of the borehole (as used in the related study)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Country</td> <td>Alpha-2 code</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Region</td> <td>Larger region</td> </tr> <tr> <td>First_year</td> <td>First year of data</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Elevation [m asl.]</td> <td>Elevation of the borehole</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lat [° N]</td> <td>Latitude</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lon [° E]</td> <td>Longitude</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Depth [m]</td> <td>Total depth of the borehole</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DZAA [m]</td> <td>Depth of the Zero Annual Amplitude (uppermost sensor with annual amplitude ≤0.1)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Phase lag</td> <td>Phase lag at 10 m depth compared to surface in months</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Morphology</td> <td>Main morphology of the site</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Surface_cover</td> <td>Main surface cover at the site</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Lithology</td> <td>Main lithology of the site</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ice_content</td> <td>Basic classification by ground ice content at the site (no ice, ice-poor, ice-bearing, ice-rich), see publication for details</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Institution</td> <td>Responsible institution (in the year 2024)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Contact_person</td> <td>Contact person (in the year 2024)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Special_remarks</td> <td>Remarks on location, e.g. horizontal borehole</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><strong>File 2 – permafrost_temperatures_european_mountains_monthly_2022.csv<br></strong>Time series of monthly mean ground temperatures at ca. 5, 10 and 20 m depth for 64 boreholes in European mountain permafrost until 2022.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Variable</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>bh</td> <td>Name of the borehole</td> </tr> <tr> <td>time [YYYY-MM-DD]</td> <td>Date</td> </tr> <tr> <td>depth [m]</td> <td>Depth of measurement</td> </tr> <tr> <td>temp [°C]</td> <td>Monthly mean ground temperature (aggregated from daily values)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>t_min [°C]</td> <td>Minimum daily ground temperature of the year</td> </tr> <tr> <td>t_max [°C]</td> <td>Maximum daily ground temperature of the year</td> </tr> <tr> <td>count</td> <td>Number of daily values available to calculate monthly mean values</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dclass [5, 10 or 20 m]</td> <td>Depth class defined for analyses in related study</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p><strong>File 3 – permafrost_temperatures_european_mountains_annual_2022.csv<br></strong>Time series of annual mean ground temperatures at ca. 5, 10 and 20 m depth for 64 boreholes in European mountain permafrost until 2022.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td><strong>Variable</strong></td> <td><strong>Description</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td>bh</td> <td>Name of the borehole</td> </tr> <tr> <td>time [YYYY]</td> <td>Year</td> </tr> <tr> <td>depth [m]</td> <td>Depth of measurement</td> </tr> <tr> <td>temp [°C]</td> <td>Annual mean ground temperature (aggregated from monthly values)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>t_min [°C]</td> <td>Minimum monthly ground temperature of the year</td> </tr> <tr> <td>t_max [°C]</td> <td>Maximum monthlyground temperature of the year</td> </tr> <tr> <td>count</td> <td>Number of monthly values available to calculate annual mean values</td> </tr> <tr> <td>dclass [5, 10 or 20 m]</td> <td>Depth class defined for analyses in related study</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p> <p>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p>CONTACT</p> <p>For question related to this dataset please contact the corresponding author: jeannette.noetzli@slf.ch. <br>For questions related to a specific time series, see metadata for contact information.</p>
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR): Half-hourly soil moisture and temperature data, 2008-2024
The Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem warming cause a net release of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool influence ecosystem C loss?, and 3) How do winter and summer warming alone, and in combination, affect ecosystem C exchange? We are answering these questions using a combination of field and laboratory experiments to measure ecosystem carbon balance and radiocarbon isotope ratios at a warming experiment located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. This data set includes half-hourly values of surface moisture content (gravimetric, 0-5cm), depth-integrated soil moisture (volumetric, 0-20 cm), and soil temperature in winter warming, summer warming, and control treatment plots at CiPEHR.
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating and Drying Research (DryPEHR): Half-hourly soil moisture and temperature data, 2010-2022
This drying and warming experiment addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem drying, warming and permafrost thaw cause a net release or uptake of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool influence ecosystem C loss? 3) How do drying and warmign affect plant communities and ecosystem properties? We are answering these questions using a combined warming and drying experiment (DryPEHR), which is situated with the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project and located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. Warming treatment here refers to growing season air temperature warming (~1C) using open top chambers (OTC) combined with soil 'warming' using snow fences during the snow covered months. Drying is achieve using an automated pumping system that lowers the water table in the dry plots. Soil warming began in 2008; OTCs and drying in 2011.This data set includes half-hourly values of surface moisture content (gravimetric, 0-5cm), depth-integrated soil moisture (volumetric, 0-20 cm), and soil temperature in winter warming and summer warming, drying, and control treatment plots at DryPEHR.
Improving ERA5-Land soil temperature in permafrost regions
<p>Cao et al. (2020) have previously reported a warm bias in ERA5-Land soil temperature in permafrost regions that was supposedly being caused by an underestimation of the snow density. This study evaluates a new multi-layer snow scheme in the land surface scheme of ERA5-Land, i.e., HTESSEL, with a revised snow densification parametrization. The revised HTESSEL significantly improved the representation of soil temperature in permafrost regions compared to ERA5-Land.</p> <p>The original simulation data, on the Octahedral reduced gaussian grid, were interpolated on a 0.25/0.25 regular lat/lon grid (global) and aggregated in daily mean from 2000-01-01 to 2018-12-31. More information on the dataset is contained in info_dataset.txt</p>
Data from air, englacial and permafrost temperature measurements on Mt. Ortles (Eastern European Alps)
<p>The *.csv files report the temperature data recorded between 2010 and 2016 and presented in the paper “Modern air, englacial and permafrost temperatures at high altitude on Mt. Ortles, (3905 m a.s.l.) in the Eastern European Alps” (Carturan et al., 2023, submitted). The data were used to display the time series reported in the paper, which details variable names, data quality flags, maintenance logs of field operations, and characteristics of measurement sites.</p> <p>The data files contain measurements of air temperature, englacial temperature, soil surface temperature and rockwall temperature.</p> <p>The file named ‘Ortles_Temperature_Metadata.pdf’ contains information regarding variable names, structure of data files, quality codes, geolocation, and topographic and geomorphological characteristics of sites instrumented for temperature measurements.</p> <p>Reference:</p> <p>Carturan, L., De Blasi, F., Dinale, R., Dragà, G., Gabrielli, P., Mair, V., Seppi, R., Tonidandel, D., Zanoner, T., Zendrini, T. L., and Dalla Fontana, G.: Modern air, englacial and permafrost temperatures at high altitude on Mt. Ortles, (3905 m a.s.l.) in the Eastern European Alps, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-164, in review, 2023.</p>
Site environmental, climate, water levels and temperatures, vegetation cover, and GIS change detection for assessing permafrost change in fens on the Tanana Flats, central Alaska
This data package provides data used to assess the roles of climate extremes, ecological succession, and hydrology in repeated permafrost aggradation and degradation in fens on the Tanana Flats, central Alaska. The package provides data on site environmental information, Fairbanks climate, vegetation cover, water levels and temperatures, as well as GIS files for fen change detection. The Site data include information on observers, locations, geomorphology, hydrology, soils, vegetation, and disturbance. The table has numerous fields that uses coding for class characteristics and these codes are described in the metadata as well as compiled in the ELS_Arctic_Boreal_Site_Soil_Veg_Code_Sheet_2020.docx. Alaska Climate records for Fairbanks (UAF Experiment Station) from 1904 to 2019 were acquired from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/). Additional data were obtained for the Nenana station (about 70 km southwest of Fairbanks), to fill in small data gaps (particularly precipitation/snow depth ruler measurements) in the Fairbanks record. We attributed the data with fields for summer (May-September) and winter periods (November-March) and hydrologic year (October-September) and calculated mean air temperature, precipitation, and snow depth by seasonal period (average of daily values) and year. The broad summer and winter periods were of interest because warmer and wetter summers increase soil heat input and warmer and snowier winters reduce soil heat loss. Fen hydrology data include information on fen water level/pressure and temperatures collected every two hours at seven sites within fens from 2011 to 2014. Vegetation composition and cover of fens, scrub, and forests was sampled to assess effects of thermokarst on vegetation change. Plant cover was determined by point-sampling at 100 points (including repetitive “hits” for all layers) distributed along 5 equally spaced rows (4-m long, 20 points per row) across the 10-m l
Yukon River Basin Fire and Permafrost Study: Air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm and 100 cm depths in burned and unburned stands (2009-2012)
This study was designed to examine the effects of fire on permafrost across three soil landscapes in interior Alaska: rocky uplands, silty uplands, and sandy lowlands. This dataset includes air temperatures and soil temperatures at 5 cm and 100 cm depth across burned and unburned stands. See related site description dataset for more details.
Soil Temperature and Moisture Data Collected from Permafrost and Fire Research Sites near Delta Junction, Alaska from 2008-2019
This dataset contains the hourly output from soil moisture and temperature sensors located near Delta Junction, Alaska. These sensors are located in four sites: 1. no permafrost, unburned 2. no permafrost burned 3. permafrost, unburned 4. permafrost (preburn), burned
Warming effects of spring rainfall increase methane emissions from thawing permafrost: Site-level data from bog complex IV - Soil Temperatures 2014-2016
Methane emissions regulate the near-term global warming potential of permafrost thaw, particularly where loss of ice-rich permafrost converts forest and tundra into wetlands. Northern latitudes are expected to get warmer and wetter, and while there is consensus that warming will increase thaw and methane emissions, effects of increased precipitation are uncertain. At a thawing wetland complex in Interior Alaska, we found that interactions between rain and deep soil temperatures controlled methane emissions. In rainy years, recharge from the watershed rapidly altered wetland soil temperatures, warming the top ~80 cm of soil in spring and summer, and cooling it in autumn. When soils were warmed by spring rainfall, methane emissions increased by ~30%. The warm, deep soils early in the growing season likely supported both microbial and plant processes that enhanced emissions. Our study identifies an important and unconsidered role of rain in governing the radiative forcing of thawing permafrost landscapes. All site-level data from the studied bog, eddy covariance and micrometeorological data referenced in the published manuscript are available in the LTER data repository. These data are related to the following data package: Surface carbon, water and energy fluxes measured by eddy covariance at 3 sites within the Alaska Peatlands Experiment and Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest 2013-2016 (http://dx.doi.org/10.6073/pasta/4fabab3846113a1866b06f1b3d6d52a3).
Interior Alaska long-term effects of climate and wildfire on permafrost soil temperature regimes: hourly data, 2013-2018
This dataset contains the hourly output from soil temperature sensors at depths from 5 to 150 cm . Three pairs of burned and unburned sites were instrumented in 2013 to measure permafrost temperature dynamics of the surface permafrost.
The simulation data for paper: Permafrost response and feedback under temperature stabilization and overshoot scenarios with different global warming levels
<p>Data description can be found in the accompanying <code>README.md</code>.</p>
Permafrost response to temperature rise in carbon and nutrient cycling: Effects from habitat-specific conditions and factors of warming
<p>Permafrost is warming at a rate of two times faster than the rest of the Earth's surface. However, there is still a lack of a quantitative basis for predicting the functional stability of permafrost ecosystems in carbon (C) and nutrient cycling. We compiled the data of 708 observations from 89 air-warming experiments in the Northern Hemisphere and characterized the general effects of temperature increase on permafrost C exchange and balance, biomass production, microbial biomass, soil nutrients, and vegetation N dynamics via a meta-analysis. Also, an investigation was made on how responses may change with habitat-specific (e.g., plant functional groups and soil moisture status) conditions and warming variables (e.g., warming phases, levels, and timing). Warming downregulated net ecosystem C exchange generally via stimulating ecosystem respiration (15.6%) more than photosynthesis (6.2%). Vegetation usually responded to warming by investing more the C to the belowground, as belowground biomass increased much more (30.1%) than aboveground biomass (2.9%). Warming had a minor effect on microbial biomass. Warming increased soil ammonium and nitrate concentrations. What's more, a synthesis of 70 observations from 11 herbs and 9 shrubs revealed a 2.5% decline of N in green leaves. Compared to herbs, shrubs demonstrated a stronger response in respiration and had green leaf N declined by a greater extent. Not only in dry conditions did green leaf N decline with warming but also in wet conditions. Warming in non-growing seasons would negatively affect soil water, C uptake, and biomass production during growing seasons. Permafrost C loss and vegetation N decline may increase with warming levels and timing. Overall, our findings suggest that besides a positive C cycling-climate feedback, there will be negative feedback between permafrost nutrient cycling and climate warming.</p>
Data from: Reconstruction of the regional summer ground surface temperature in the permafrost region of Northeast China from 1587 to 2008
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Permafrost response to temperature rise in carbon and nutrient cycling: Effects from habitat-specific conditions and factors of warming
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Map of Natural (Landscape) and Permafrost Zones and the Net of Soil Temperature Meteorological Stations in Russia and Middle Asian Mountains, Version 1
This data set is a vector coverage of the Map of Natural Landscape and Permafrost Zones and the Net of Soil Temperature Meteorological Stations in Russia and Middle Asian Mountains (scale 1:4000000), published by the Russian Academy of Sciences Earth Cryosphere Institute and Institute for Phytochemical and Biological Problems in Earth Science The original map was compiled by E. Melnikov and D.A. Gilichinsky. The digital map was created in Geograph, which is a Geographic Information System developed by the GIS Research Center, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences. Data are available through FTP.
Soil Temperature Station Data from Permafrost Regions of Russia (Selection of Five Stations), 1915 - 2000, Version 1
This data set includes soil temperature data from boreholes located at five stations in Russia: Yakutsk, Verkhoyansk, Pokrovsk, Isit', and Churapcha. The data have been compiled into five Microsoft Excel files, one for each station. Air temperature measured at these five stations was also included when available. This data set was compiled to go with a classroom learning activity called "How Permanent is Permafrost." To view the activity, see the PDF file of the same name under the General Resources section below.There are two different versions of the Excel files: a complete version and a subsetted version. Both versions exist for each of the five stations for a total of 10 files. The complete versions of the files contain borehole temperature data at all available standard depths: 0.2 m, 0.4 m, 0.6 m, 0.8 m, 1.2 m, 1.6 m, 2.0 m, 2.4 m, and 3.2 m. The subsetted versions of the files contain data from the 0.8 m and 3.2 m depths only. The complete version is more applicable to scientific investigation. The subset version is provided for K-12 teachers and is featured in the "How Permanent is Permafrost?" classroom activity.
Borehole temperatures from mountain permafrost monitoring, Mongolia, Version 1
Location and description of some geocryological boreholes in Mongolia. Data include latitude, longitude, location, depth of permafrost top and bottom, and mean annual soil temperature. These data are presented on the CAPS Version 1.0 CD-ROM, June 1998.
Permafrost Temperature Data from a Deep Borehole Array on the Arctic Slope of Alaska, 1973 - 2014, Version 1
These data consist of fully processed permafrost temperature data from borehole logs acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from the 24-element US Department of the Interior (DOI) Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P) Deep Borehole Array in arctic Alaska beginning in 1973 and ending in 2014. The data represent the true temperatures in the wellbores and surrounding rocks at the time of the measurements.
Permafrost-related micrometeorology and soil temperatures, Qingzang Plateau, China, Version 1
These data sets include Surface Meteorological Data (D100, D105, Tanggula Pass, Wetland), Ground Temperature (D100, D105, Tanggula Pass, Wetland), Soil Moisture Data, Evaporation, and soil physical properties. These data sets include maximum, mean, minimum air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, global solar radiation, reflected solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, ground surface and soil temperature, soil moisture content, and soil physical properties. Numerous papers have been published by the investigators using these data sets; references are not available as of March 1998. These data are presented on the CAPS Version 1.0 CD-ROM, June 1998.
Active layer and permafrost properties, including snow depth, soil temperature, and soil moisture, Barrow, Alaska, Version 1
This data set contains soil temperature, soil moisture, thaw depth, and snow depth data collected at test sites near Barrow, Alaska, during the following years.Soil temperature data - 1963-1966, 1993 Soil moisture data - 1963 Thaw depth - 1962-1968, 1991-1993 Snow depth - 1963-1964 This study focused on characterizing the active soil layer at Barrow, and determining the relationships between and among these physical properties at permafrost sites in the Arctic.This site is U1 of the IPA's Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) Program and later measurements are available at the CALM Web site.
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