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33 results for “photobiont”
Climate warming causes photobiont degradation and C starvation in a boreal climate sentinel lichen
<p>The long-term potential for acclimation by lichens to warming climates is poorly known, despite their prominent roles in forested ecosystems. Although often considered "extremophiles", lichens may not readily acclimate to novel climates well beyond historical norms. In a previous study (Smith et al. 2018), Evernia mesomorpha transplants in a whole-ecosystem climate change experiment showed drastic mass loss after one year of warming. We examined the causes of this warming-induced mass loss by measuring physiological, functional, and reproductive attributes of lichen transplants. Severe loss of mass and physiological function occurred above +2ºC of warming. Loss of algal symbionts ("bleaching") and turnover in algal community compositions increased with temperature and were the clearest impacts of experimental warming. Enhanced CO 2 had no significant physiological or symbiont composition effects. The functional loss of algal photobionts led to significant loss of mass and specific thallus mass (STM), which in turn reduced water-holding capacity (WHC). Although algal genotypes remained detectable in thalli exposed to higher temperatures, within-thallus photobiont communities shifted in composition towards greater diversity. Analogous to the effects of climate change on corals, the balance of symbiont carbon metabolism in lichens is central to their resilience to changing conditions.</p>
Climate warming causes photobiont degradation and C starvation in a boreal climate sentinel lichen
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Extensive photobiont sharing in a rapidly-radiating cyanolichen clade
<p>Recent studies have uncovered remarkable diversity <i>Dictyonema </i>s.lat. basidiolichens, here recognized as subtribe Dictyonemateae. This group includes five genera and 148 species, but hundreds more await description. The photobionts of these lichens belong to <i>Rhizonema</i>, a recently resurrected cyanobacterial genus known by a single species. To further investigate photobiont diversity within Dictyonemateae, we generated 765 new cyanobacterial sequences from 635 specimens collected from 18 countries. The ITS barcoding locus supported the recognition of 200 mycobiont (fungal) species among these samples, but the photobiont diversity was comparatively low. Our analyses revealed three main divisions of <i>Rhizonema</i>, with two repeatedly recovered as monophyletic (proposed as new species), and the third mostly paraphyletic. The paraphyletic lineage corresponds to <i>R. interruptum</i> and partnered with mycobionts from all five genera in Dictyonemateae. There was no evidence of photobiont-mycobiont co-speciation, but one of the monophyletic lineages of <i>Rhizonema</i> appears to partner predominantly with one of the two major clades of <i>Cora</i> (mycobiont) with samples collected largely from the northern Andes. Molecular clock estimations indicate the <i>Rhizonema</i> species are much older than the fungal species in the Dictyonemateae, suggesting that these basidiolichens obtained their photobionts from older ascolichen lineages and the photobiont variation in extant lineages of Dictyonemateae is the result of multiple photobiont switches. These results support the hypothesis of lichens representing "fungal farmers", in which diverse mycobiont lineages associate with a substantially lower diversity of photobionts by sharing those photobionts best suited for the lichen symbiosis among multiple and often unrelated mycobiont lineages.</p>
Data from: Population structure of mycobionts and photobionts of the widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata
Lichens are symbioses between fungi (mycobionts) and photoautotrophic green algae or cyanobacteria (photobionts). Many lichens occupy large distributional ranges covering several climatic zones. So far, little is known about the large scale phylogeography of lichen photobionts and their role in shaping the distributional ranges of lichens. We studied south polar, temperate and north polar populations of the widely distributed fruticose lichen Cetraria aculeata. Based on DNA sequences from three loci for each symbiont we compared the genetic structure of mycobionts and photobionts. Phylogenetic reconstructions and Bayesian clustering methods divided the mycobiont and photobiont datasets into three groups. An AMOVA shows that the genetic variance of the photobiont is best explained by differentiation between temperate and polar regions and that of the mycobiont by an interaction of climatic and geographical factors. By partialling out the relative contribution of climate, geography and co-dispersal we found that the most relevant factors shaping the genetic structure of the photobiont are climate and a history of co-dispersal. Mycobionts in the temperate region are consistently associated with a specific photobiont lineage. We therefore conclude that a photobiont switch in the past enabled Cetraria aculeata to colonize temperate as well as polar habitats. Rare photobiont switches may increase the geographic range and ecological niche of lichen mycobionts by associating them with locally adapted photobionts in climatically different regions and, together with isolation by distance, may lead to genetic isolation between populations and thus drive the evolution of lichens.
FIGURE 4 in Vulcanochloris (Trebouxiales, Trebouxiophyceae), a new genus of lichen photobiont from La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
FIGURE 4. Vulcanochloris, gen. nov. Morphology in a light or a confocal microscope. A–I. Vulcanochloris canariensis, sp. nov. A– C. Spherical or oval vegetative cells. B–E. Crenulate chloroplast. F−G. Shallowly lobed chloroplast. A−C, H. One distinct, centrally positioned pyrenoid, frequently containing one to several spherical incisions. I. Asexual reproduction by 16–64 aplanospores formed in spherical or ellipsoidal sporangia. J−U. Vulcanochloris symbiotica sp. nov. J, K, N. Spherical, oval and oviform vegetative cells. K−M. Deeply lobed chloroplast. N, O. Shallowly lobed chloroplast. P, Q. Crenulate chloroplast. R. Echinate chloroplast. K, N, P. One distinct pyrenoid located in its centre. N. One to several spherical incisions in pyrenoid. S, T. Asexual reproduction by 32 aplanospores or 128 zoospores produced in spherical or ellipsoidal sporangia. U. Zoospores drop-shaped, naked, with two apical flagella and a simple basal chloroplast. V−DD. Vulcanochloris guanchorum, sp. nov. V, W. Spherical, occasionally oval vegetative cells. V. Chloroplast in young cells in the central position with several lobes spreading towards the cells periphery. W−Y. Deeply lobed chloroplast. Z−AA. Shallowly lobed chloroplast. BB. One distinct, centrally positioned pyrenoid, often containing one to several spherical incisions. CC, DD. Asexual reproduction by 16−32 aplanospores or 64−128 zoospores produced in spherical or ellipsoidal sporangia. Scale bars = 5 μm.
FIGURE 3 in Vulcanochloris (Trebouxiales, Trebouxiophyceae), a new genus of lichen photobiont from La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
FIGURE 3. Bayesian analysis based on the ITS rDNA dataset. Values at the nodes indicate statistical support estimated by three methods— MrBayes posterior-node probability (left), maximum-likelihood bootstrap (middle), and maximum parsimony bootstrap (right). Asterisk represents full support. Scale bar shows the estimated number of substitutions per site. Newly sequenced strains are marked in bold.
FIGURE 2 in Vulcanochloris (Trebouxiales, Trebouxiophyceae), a new genus of lichen photobiont from La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
FIGURE 2. Bayesian analysis based on the rbcL dataset. Values at the nodes indicate statistical support estimated by three methods— MrBayes posterior-node probability (left), maximum-likelihood bootstrap (middle), and maximum parsimony bootstrap (right). Asterisk represents full support. Scale bar shows the estimated number of substitutions per site. Newly sequenced strains are marked in bold.
FIGURE 1 in Vulcanochloris (Trebouxiales, Trebouxiophyceae), a new genus of lichen photobiont from La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain
FIGURE 1. Vulcanochloris canariensis, gen. et sp. nov.. Chloroplast morphology and ultrastructure. A, B. A deeply lobed type of chloroplast. C, D. Shallowly lobed type of chloroplast. E, F. Crenulate type of chloroplast. G, H. Echinate type of chloroplast. I. Parietal type of chloroplast. J. High number of small starch grains surrounding the pyrenoid. K–M. Pyrenoid irregularly transversed by inclusions bearing a close structural resemblance to the chloroplast thylakoids. N, O. One to several electron-lucent, spherical to elongated regions frequently formed within the pyrenoid matrix. P. Higher number (more than 8) of the electron-lucent regions formed within the pyrenoid matrix. Scale bars = 5 μm (A–J); 1 μm (K–P).
Genome-wide comparisons reveal extensive divergence within the lichen photobiont genus Trebouxia
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Sequences and tree used in: Growth form is strongest predictor of algal photobiont community diversity in lichens: Dissertation chapter
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Data from: Molecular phylogeny and symbiotic selectivity of the green algal genus Dictyochloropsis sensu lato (Trebouxiophyceae): a polyphyletic and widespread group forming photobiont-mediated guilds in the lichen family Lobariaceae
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Data from: Population structure of mycobionts and photobionts of the widespread lichen Cetraria aculeata
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Extensive photobiont sharing in a rapidly-radiating cyanolichen clade
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Supplementary material 3 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
: Data type: multimedia
Supplementary material 1 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
: Data type: occurrence
Figure 6 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 6 Association network between lichen mycobionts of P. omphalodes group (i.e. Parmelia discordans, P. omphalodes and P. pinnatifida) and photobiont OTUs. The line width is proportional to the number of specimens forming the association with the particular OTU. SUn1 and SUn2 represent unnamed lineages of Trebouxia belonging to clade S.
Figure 3 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 3 Haplotype network showing relationships between ITS rDNA sequences from Parmelia discordans and P. omphalodes. The names of species are followed with herbarium numbers of specimens or GenBank Accession Numbers. Mutational changes are presented as numbers in brackets near lines between haplotypes.
Supplementary material 2 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
: Data type: multimedia
Figure 2 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 2 Phylogenetic placement of Trebouxia photobionts from selected Parmelia spp., based on Bayesian analysis of the ITS rDNA dataset. Posterior probabilities and maximum likelihood bootstrap values are shown near the internal branches. Newly generated sequences are in bold, with collecting numbers preceding the species names. Representative Trebouxia OTUs, as described in Leavitt et al. (2015), were downloaded from Dryad database (Dryad Digital Repository, Leavitt et al. 2015). Clades with photobionts from Parmelia discordans, P. omphalodes and P. pinnatifida are highlighted.
Figure 5 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 5 AParmelia discordans, with marginal and laminal pseudocyphellae, laminal pseudocyphellae mostly not connected with marginal ones (S F-252494) BP. omphalodes, with marginal and laminal pseudocyphellae, laminal pseudocyphellae mostly not connected with marginal ones (S F-252845) CP. pinnatifida, with marginal pseudocyphellae (UGDA L-24298) DP. pinnatifida, with marginal and laminal pseudocyphellae, laminal pseudocyphellae starting predominantly from pseudocyphellae formed at the edge of lobes (S F-239397). Scale bars: 200 μm (A, B, D), 150 μm (C).
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