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294 results for “photoreceptors”
Red-green opponency in the long visual fibre photoreceptors of brushfoot butterflies (Nymphalidae)
<p>In many butterflies, the ancestral trichromatic insect colour vision, based on UV-, blue- and green-sensitive photoreceptors, is extended with red-sensitive cells. Physiological evidence for red receptors has been missing in Nymphalid butterflies, although some species can discriminate red hues well. In eight species from genera Archaeoprepona, Argynnis, Charaxes, Danaus, Melitaea, Morpho, Heliconius and Speyeria we found a novel class of green-sensitive photoreceptors that have hyperpolarising responses to stimulation with red light. These green-positive, red-negative (G+R–) cells are allocated to positions R1/2, normally occupied by UV and blue-sensitive cells. Spectral sensitivity, polarisation sensitivity and temporal dynamics suggest that the red opponent units (R–) are the basal photoreceptors R9, interacting with R1/2 in the same ommatidia via direct inhibitory synapses. We found the G+R– cells exclusively in butterflies with red-shining ommatidia containing longitudinal screening pigments. The implementation of the red colour channel with R9 is different from Pierid and Papilionid butterflies, where cells R5-8 are the red receptors. The Nymphalid red-green opponent channel and the potential for tetrachromacy seem to have been switched on several times during evolution, balancing between the cost of neural processing and the value of extended colour information.</p>
Mechanisms of simultaneous linear and nonlinear computations at the mammalian cone photoreceptor synapse
<p>Neurons enhance their computational power by combining linear and nonlinear transformations in extended dendritic trees. Rich, spatially distributed processing is rarely associated with individual synapses, but the cone photoreceptor synapse may be an exception. Graded voltages temporally modulate vesicle fusion at a cone's ~20 ribbon active zones. The transmitter then flows into a common, glia-free volume where bipolar cell dendrites are organized by type in successive tiers. Using super-resolution microscopy and tracking vesicle fusion and postsynaptic response at the quantal level in the thirteen-lined ground squirrel, <em>Ictidomys</em> <em>tridecemlineatus</em>, we show that certain bipolar cell types respond to individual fusion events in the stream while other types respond to degrees of locally coincident events, creating a gradient across tiers that are increasingly nonlinear. Nonlinearities emerge from a combination of factors specific to each bipolar cell type including diffusion distance, contact number, receptor affinity, and proximity to transporters. Complex computations related to feature detection begin within the first visual synapse.</p>
Mechanisms of simultaneous linear and nonlinear computations at the mammalian cone photoreceptor synapse
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Red-green opponency in the long visual fibre photoreceptors of brushfoot butterflies (Nymphalidae)
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Data from: Novel color via stimulation of individual photoreceptors at population scale
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Hard to get, easy to lose: Evolution of mantle photoreceptor organs in bivalves (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia)
<p>Morphologically diverse eyes have evolved numerous times, yet little is known about how eye gain and loss is related to photic environment. The pteriomorphian bivalves (e.g., oysters, scallops, and ark clams), with a remarkable range of photoreceptor organs and ecologies, are a suitable system to investigate the association between eye evolution and ecological shifts. The present phylogenetic framework was based on amino acid sequences from transcriptome datasets and nucleotide sequences of five additional genes. In total, 197 species comprising 22 families from all five pteriomorphian orders were examined, representing the greatest taxonomic sampling to date. Morphological data were acquired for 162 species and lifestyles were compiled from the literature for all 197 species. Photoreceptor organs occur in 11 families and have arisen exclusively in epifaunal lineages, i.e., living above the substrate, at least five times independently. Models for trait evolution consistently recovered higher rates of loss over gain. Transitions to crevice-dwelling habit appear associated with convergent gains of eyespots in epifaunal lineages. Once photoreceptor organs have arisen, multiple losses occurred in lineages that shift to burrowing lifestyles and deep-sea habitats. The observed patterns suggest that eye evolution in pteriomorphians might have evolved in association with light-guided behaviors, such as phototaxis, body posture, and alarm responses.</p>
Data from: Crustacean photoreceptor damage and recovery: Applying a novel scanning electronic microscopy protocol in artificial light at night studies
<p>As sources of artificial light at night (ALAN) expand worldwide, research on their impacts has also increased. Most of these studies, including those in coastal habitats, have focused on behavioral and ecological responses to ALAN, overlooking impacts on the photoreceptor, the basic functional structure of animals to absorb light. Examining structural changes in the photoreceptor is essential to understand the mechanisms by which ALAN may be impacting species, particularly those adapted to different light backgrounds. This study examined the photoreceptor (rhabdom) of two sandy beach crustaceans exhibiting different light tolerances at night: the amphipod <em>Orchestoidea tuberculata</em> and the isopod <em>Tylos spinulosus</em>. We developed a novel protocol to measure these species' photoreceptor areas and quantify the damage caused by ALAN using histological sections and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results showed that in the isopod, a species naturally adapted to lower light intensities at night than the amphipod, the rhabdom surface was 20-times larger, and presented a tapetum, an adaptive feature found in species living in low light conditions. This confirmed that this species is potentially more sensitive to ALAN than the amphipod. Consistently, a brief period of exposure to ALAN (1 h, 20 lux) caused 3-6 times more damage in the isopod' rhabdom. In fact, ALAN caused structural damage in the isopod' but not in the amphipod' rhabdom, a damage that did not show signs of recovery from ALAN after 1 and 24 h. Thus, the damage caused by ALAN on an organism's photoreceptors is likely to be more severe and persistent in species naturally adapted to lower light levels at night. Installation of permanent ALAN sources nearby the burrowing area of these light sensitive species may have differential effects on their activity and interactions at night. ALAN may also become a new selection pressure on these species, a concern with wide implications given the ubiquity among animals of the photoreceptor structure and its response to light.</p>
Photoreceptor-induced LHL4 protects photosystem II monomer - XL-MS and Alphafold2 intergrative modelling
<p>This dataset refers to the following preprint: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.02.23.581703v1 </p> <p>It provides:</p> <ul> <li>readable XL_MS annotate fragmentattion spectra for the crosslinks detected involved in the LHL4 interaction with CP43 and CP47. These complements the raw files submited in PRIDE (accession PXD049352) and the Supplementary Table 1 annexed to teh manuscript supplementray materials</li> <li>The complete output files for the AlphaFold2 multimer prediciotn of the pairwise interactions between LHL4 and CP43/CP47</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Photoreceptor glucose metabolism determines normal retinal vascular growth
<p>The neural cells and factors determining normal vascular growth are not well defined even though vision-threatening neovessel growth, a major cause of blindness in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (and diabetic retinopathy), is driven by delayed normal vascular growth. We examined if hyperglycemia and low adiponectin (APN) levels delayed normal retinal vascularization, driven primarily by dysregulated photoreceptor metabolism.</p> <p>One part of the experiments was to use targeted quantitative proteomics to measure the expression of proteins with selected reaction monitoring. We measured the enzymes in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and several addition mitochondrial proteins.</p> <p>We found that in a neonatal mouse model of postnatal hyperglycemia modeling early ROP, hyperglycemia caused photoreceptor dysfunction and delayed neurovascular maturation associated with changes in the APN pathway; recombinant mouse APN or APN receptor agonist adipoRon treatment normalized vascular growth. APN deficiency decreased retinal mitochondrial metabolic enzyme levels particularly in photoreceptors, suppressed retinal vascular development and decreased photoreceptor platelet-derived growth factor (Pdgfb). APN pathway activation reversed these effects. Blockade of mitochondrial respiration abolished adipoRon-induced Pdgfb increase in photoreceptors. Photoreceptor-knockdown of Pdgfb delayed retinal vascular formation. Stimulation of the APN pathway might prevent hyperglycemia-associated retinal abnormalities andsuppress Phase I ROP in premature infants.</p>
Distinct synaptic transfer functions in same-type photoreceptors
<p>Many sensory systems use ribbon-type synapses to transmit their signals to downstream circuits. The properties of this synaptic transfer fundamentally dictate which aspects in the original stimulus will be accentuated or suppressed, thereby partially defining the detection limits of the circuit. Accordingly, sensory neurons have evolved a wide variety of ribbon geometries and vesicle pool properties to best support their diverse functional requirements. However, the need for diverse synaptic functions does not only arise across neuron types, but also <em>within</em>. Here we show that UV-cones, a single type of photoreceptor of the larval zebrafish eye, exhibit striking differences in their synaptic ultrastructure and consequent calcium to glutamate transfer function depending on their location in the eye. We arrive at this conclusion by combining serial section electron microscopy and simultaneous "dual-colour" 2-photon imaging of calcium and glutamate signals from the same synapse <em>in vivo</em>. We further use the functional dataset to fit a cascade-like model of the ribbon synapse with different vesicle pool sizes, transfer rates and other synaptic properties. Exploiting recent developments in simulation-based inference, we obtain full posterior estimates for the parameters and compare these across different retinal regions. The model enables us to extrapolate to new stimuli and to systematically investigate different response behaviours of various ribbon configurations. We also provide an interactive, easy-to-use version of this model as an online tool. Overall, we show that already on the synaptic level of single neuron types there exist highly specialized mechanisms which are advantageous for the encoding of different visual features.</p>
Multifaceted luminance gain control beyond photoreceptors in Drosophila
<p><strong>Data and code for the manuscript 'Multifaceted luminance gain control beyond photoreceptors in <em>Drosophila</em>'</strong></p> <p>These resources are separated first by analysis themes (behavior, two-photon imaging and modeling), and at the second level, by figures, as of re-submission date of the manuscript (May 10th, 2023). Data and code required to visualize each figure panel are together in the corresponding folder.<br> Please follow the README file for further instructions.</p> <p>A bioRxiv preprint (see related identifier) is based on this dataset, however the figure order has been updated.</p>
Parametric effects of light acting via multiple photoreceptors contribute to circadian entrainment in Drosophila melanogaster
<p>Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior have near 24-hour periodicities that must adjust to the exact 24-hour geophysical cycles on earth to ensure adaptive daily timing. Such adjustment is called entrainment. One major mode of entrainment is via the continuous modulation of circadian period by the prolonged presence of light. Although <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> is a prominent insect model of chronobiology, there is little evidence for such continuous effects of light in the species. In this study, we demonstrate that prolonged light exposure at specific times of the day shapes the daily timing of activity in flies. We also establish that continuous blue- and UV-blocked light lengthens the circadian period of <em>Drosophila</em> and provide evidence that this is produced by the combined action of multiple photoreceptors which, includes the cell autonomous photoreceptor <em>cryptochrome</em>. Finally, we introduce ramped light cycles as an entrainment paradigm that produces light entrainment that lacks the large light-driven startle responses typically displayed by flies and requires multiple days for entrainment to shifted cycles. These features are reminiscent of entrainment in mammalian models systems and make possible new experimental approaches to understanding the mechanisms underlying entrainment in the fly.</p>
Data from: Cyanobacteriochromes from Gloeobacterales provide new insight into the diversification of cyanobacterial photoreceptors
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Data from: Phagocytosed photoreceptor outer segment particles within the retinal pigment epithelium show diurnal rhythmicity and variation between cone subtypes in larval zebrafish
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Distinct synaptic transfer functions in same-type photoreceptors
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Time-lapse images of Arabidopsis thaliana photoreceptor mutants under darkness and blue-light conditions
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Data from: Crustacean photoreceptor damage and recovery: Applying a novel scanning electronic microscopy protocol in artificial light at night studies
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Photopic flicker optoretinography captures the light-driven length modulation of photoreceptors during phototransduction
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Hard to get, easy to lose: Evolution of mantle photoreceptor organs in bivalves (Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia)
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Predictably manipulating photoreceptor light responses to reveal their role in downstream visual responses
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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