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opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Dataset of Rainy years counteract negative effects of drought on taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity: resilience in annual plant communities

Data used in the article:  Rainy years counteract negative effects of drought on taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity: resilience in annual plant communities Abstract 1- Climate models forecast changes in the amounts and distribution of rain, which may affect ecosystems worldwide, especially in drylands where water is already the limiting factor for plant life. Annual plant communities are common in drylands where they can complete their entire life cycle during the rainy period while avoiding the dry season. Moreover, seed dormancy allows them to disperse over time by remaining in the seed bank for long periods. However, the extent to which these communities will be able to tolerate increasing drought is uncertain. 2- We performed a five-year rainfall reduction treatment under field conditions and determined its effects on annual plant communities in a Mediterranean gypsum ecosystem. We assessed the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of these communities each year for five years. 3-The taxonomic and functional diversity decreased under the rainfall reduction treatment whereas the phylogenetic diversity increased. Moreover, the relative importance of species with drought-resistant functional designs increased in the community assemblages. However, after a rainy season with above average rainfall, all of the diversity values recovered completely even under the rainfall reduction treatment. 4- Our results provide important insights into the responses of these plant communities under a climate change scenario, where they indicate high losses of diversity during drought events but rapid recovery in milder years. Synthesis Our findings highlight the great resilience of annual plant communities in drylands, which may allow them to tolerate increased drought under the present climate change scenario.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree depicting inferred genetic relationships among Leucocytozoon mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b in Negligible evidence for detrimental effects of Leucocytozoon infections among Emperor Geese (Anser canagicus) breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree depicting inferred genetic relationships among Leucocytozoon mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b haplotypes identified from blood samples collected from Emperor Geese inhabiting the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska during 2006–2016 and those previously reported for closely related haemosporidian morphospecies on the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank and Malavi databases (accession IDs in parentheses). Bars to the right of tree represent the assignment of sequences to L. simondi clade A (teal), L. simondi clade B (orange), or other Leucocytozoon. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree depicting inferred genetic relationships among Haemoproteus mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b in Negligible evidence for detrimental effects of Leucocytozoon infections among Emperor Geese (Anser canagicus) breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree depicting inferred genetic relationships among Haemoproteus mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b haplotypes identified from blood samples collected from Emperor Geese inhabiting the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska during 2006–2016 and those previously reported for closely related haemosporidian morphospecies on the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank and Malavi databases (accession IDs in parentheses).

opencc-zeroJan 2024View details →

Linked collectors and determiners for: Phylogenetic analysis of the Belostoma plebejum group sensu Nieser (Insecta, Hemiptera, Belostomatidae): the effect of adding continuous characters on its accuracy.

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Phylogenetic analysis of the Belostoma plebejum group sensu Nieser (Insecta, Hemiptera, Belostomatidae): the effect of adding continuous characters on its accuracy". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/0367aa61-0794-47f5-84b8-8abde5050c40">https://bionomia.net/dataset/0367aa61-0794-47f5-84b8-8abde5050c40</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/0367aa61-0794-47f5-84b8-8abde5050c40">https://gbif.org/dataset/0367aa61-0794-47f5-84b8-8abde5050c40</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.

Fig. 7. a in Ecomorphological patterns of the fish assemblage in a tropical floodplain: effects of trophic, spatial and phylogenetic structures

Fig. 7. a) Diagram of Canonical Discriminant Analysis for the ecomorphological indices of the fish assemblage grouping in habitat types in the upper Paraná River floodplain (rivers, channels, connected and disconnected lagoons). b) Histograms with the scores of the habitat types for Canonical axis 1.

Fig. 6 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fish assemblage in a tropical floodplain: effects of trophic, spatial and phylogenetic structures

Fig. 6. Diagram of Canonical Discriminant Analysis for the ecomorphological indices of the fish assemblage grouping in trophic guilds in the upper Paraná River floodplain (detritivores, insectivores, piscivores, invertivores, omnivores and herbivores).

Fig. 4 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fish assemblage in a tropical floodplain: effects of trophic, spatial and phylogenetic structures

Fig. 4. Distribution of scores centroids of the 35 species on the first two axes of the Principal Components Analysis (PC 1 and PC 2), applied to the correlation matrix (Pearson) formed by 22 ecomorphological indices. Each polygon defines the morphological space occupied by the species that compose the corresponding trophic guild.

Fig. 5 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fish assemblage in a tropical floodplain: effects of trophic, spatial and phylogenetic structures

Fig. 5. Distribution of scores centroids of the 35 species grouped by habitat type on the first two axes of the Principal Components Analysis (PC 1 and PC 2), applied to the correlation matrix (Pearson) formed by 22 ecomorphological indices. Each polygon defines the morphological space occupied by the species that exploit the corresponding habitat type.

Fig. 3 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fish assemblage in a tropical floodplain: effects of trophic, spatial and phylogenetic structures

Fig. 3. Distribution of scores centroids of the 35 species on the first two axes of the Principal Components Analysis (PC 1 and PC 2), applied to the correlation matrix (Pearson) formed by 22 ecomorphological indices.

Fig. 2 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fish assemblage in a tropical floodplain: effects of trophic, spatial and phylogenetic structures

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the linear morphometric measurements and the calculated areas: standard length (SL), maximum body height (MBH), body midline height (BMH), maximum body width (MBW), caudal peduncle length (CPdL), caudal peduncle height (CPdH), caudal peduncle width (CPdW), head length (HdL), head height (HdH), head width (HdW), length of snout with the mouth closed (LSC), length of snout with the mouth open (LSO), eye height (EH), mouth height (MH), mouth width (MW), dorsal fin length (DL), dorsal fin height (DH), caudal fin length (CL), caudal fin height (CH), anal fin length (AL), anal fin height (AH), pectoral fin length (PtL), pectoral fin height (PtH), pelvic fin length (PvL), pelvic fin height (PvH), eye area (EA), dorsal fin area (DA), caudal fin area (CA), anal fin area (AA), pectoral fin area (PtA), and pelvic fin area (PvA).

Fig. 1 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fish assemblage in a tropical floodplain: effects of trophic, spatial and phylogenetic structures

Fig. 1. Study area with sampling stations in the upper Paraná River floodplain: rivers: Paraná (1), Baía (2) and Ivinheima (3); channels: Cortado (4), Curutuba (5) and Ipoitã (6); connected lagoons: Garças (7), Guaraná (8) and Finado Raimundo (9); disconnected lagoons: Fechada (10), Ventura (11) and Zé do Paco (12).

publicJul 2025View details →

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Effects of phylogenetic distance, niche overlap and habitat alteration on spatial co-occurrence patterns in Neotropical bats and birds

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opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Data from: Functional and phylogenetic diversity explain different components of diversity effects on biomass production

The Anthropocene is defined by human-driven environmental change, with one consequence being the modern dramatic decline in biodiversity globally. This is especially worrisome given the long-acknowledged causal linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and the delivery of ecosystem services. However, the exact mechanisms driving biodiversity- ecosystem function (BEF) relationships remain unclear, specifically the linkages between species differences, measured by trait and phylogenetic distances, and how interactions, such as competitive inequality and stable coexistence via niche partitioning, influence these relationships. Using complementary plant biodiversity experiments, a synthetic-assembled one that combined species in different phylogenetic distance treatments with a semi- natural functional group removal experiment, we assessed how species differences influence the mechanisms underpinning BEF relationships. We calculated the net biodiversity effect (ΔY) of biomass production and partitioned it into two additive parts: the complementarity and selection effects at species and functional group level to test how phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity capture the influences of the complementarity and selection effects. For both experiments, we found that phylogenetic and functional diversity explained biodiversity effects through similar mechanisms, with a positive relationship with the complementarity effect, and a negative relationship with the selection effect. However, we found that the selection effect was best predicted by a negative relationship with functional dispersion (FDis) of height where the selection effect was strongest in plots with similarly tall species and weakest with a greater diversity of heights, while higher complementary effects were best explained by increasing phylogenetic diversity (i.e., high MPDa). Our work revealed that the mechanisms underpinning biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships are dependent on species differences and how these differences influence competitive inequalities and niche differences.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

Supplementary information for: The artefactual branch effect and phylogenetic conflict: Species delimitation with gene flow in mangrove pit vipers (Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus-erythrurus complex)

Mangrove pit vipers of the Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus-erythrurus complex are the only species of viper known to naturally inhabit mangroves. Despite serving integral ecological functions in mangrove ecosystems, the evolutionary history, distribution, and species boundaries of mangrove pit vipers remain poorly understood, partly due to overlapping distributions, confusing phenotypic variations, and the lack of focused studies. Here, we present the first genomic study on mangrove pit vipers and introduce a robust hypothesis-driven species delimitation framework that considers gene flow and phylogenetic uncertainty in conjunction with a novel application of a new class of speciation-based delimitation model implemented through the program Delineate. Our results showed that gene flow produced phylogenetic conflict in our focal species and substantiated the artefactual branch effect where highly admixed populations appear as divergent nonmonophyletic lineages arranged in a stepwise manner at the basal position of clades. Despite the confounding effects of gene flow, we were able to obtain unequivocal support for the recognition of a new species based on the intersection and congruence of multiple lines of evidence. This study demonstrates that an integrative hypothesis-driven approach predicated on the consideration of multiple plausible evolutionary histories, population structure/ differentiation, gene flow, and the implementation of a speciation-based delimitation model can effectively delimit species in the presence of gene flow and phylogenetic conflict.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

The effect of neighbor species' phylogenetic and trait difference on tree growth in subtropical forests

To comprehensively understand ecological dynamics within a forest ecosystem, it is vital to explore how surrounding trees influence the growth of individual trees in a community. Biotic interactions have a significant potential impacts on individual tree growth and their effects can be evaluated through trait and phylogenetic-based approaches. This study investigates the relative importance of biotic interactions on tree growth by examining several metrics and considering three classes of intrinsic growth rates among the focal individuals: slower, intermediate and faster-growing trees. The metrics include hierarchical and absolute trait differences of focal trees to neighbors, neighborhood crowding index, phylogenetic distance, and trait community metrics. Our results indicated that the phylogenetic distance between the focal tree and its neighbors positively impacted the growth of all classes, whereas different traits have distinct effects on slower and faster-growing trees. Specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area (LA) showed hierarchical importance to tree growth. Trees surrounded by neighbors with higher SLA and LA than themselves grow better, particularly for slower-growing trees. Higher levels of wood density difference between the focal trees and their neighbors positively impacts slower and faster-growing trees, while height difference negatively impacts faster-growing trees. We conclude that the interactions between trees are mediated by their ecological differences, but the performance and responses to surrounding competitors vary along with their growth class within a community. This study has revealed that the tree's intrinsic growth rate mediates the effect of traits and phylogeny of surrounding trees on individual tree growth.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Evolution of wing shape in geometrid moths: phylogenetic effects dominate over ecology

Locomotory performance is an important determinant of fitness in most animals, including flying insects. Strong selective pressures on wing morphology are therefore expected. Previous studies on wing shape in Lepidoptera have found some support for hypotheses relating wing shape to environment-specific selective pressures on aerodynamic performance. Here, we present a phylogenetic comparative study on wing shape in the lepidopteran family Geometridae, covering all 374 species of the northern European fauna. We focused on eleven wing traits including aspect ratio, wing roundness, and the pointedness of the apex, as well as the ratio of forewing and hindwing areas. All measures were taken from images available on the internet, using a combination of tools available in Fiji software and in R. We found that wing shape demonstrates a phylogenetically conservative pattern of evolution in Geometridae, showing similar or greater phylogenetic signal than many of its potential predictors. Several wing traits showed statistically significant associations with predictors such as body size, flight phenology, and preference for forest habitats. Overall, however, all of these associations remained notably weak, with no wing shape being excluded for any value of the predictors, including body size. We conclude that, in geometrids, wing traits do not readily respond to selective pressures optimising aerodynamic performance of the moths in different environments. Selection on wing shape may nevertheless operate through other functions of the wings, with the effectiveness of crypsis at rest being a promising candidate for further studies.

opencc-zeroMay 2024View details →

The counteracting effects of human-driven speciation and extinction on mammal species richness and phylogenetic diversity

Human activities are causing massive increases in extinction rates, but may also lead to drastic increases in speciation rates – for example following the human-mediated spread of species to otherwise unreachable landmasses. The long-term net anthropogenic effects on biodiversity, therefore, remain uncertain. The aim of this paper is to assess the combined anthropogenic effects of extinctions and speciations on biodiversity over geological time scales. We estimate known anthropogenic and predicted future extinctions based on Red List categories from the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We infer potential anthropogenic speciations assuming that all introductions to isolated landmasses will over time evolve into distinct species. We then estimate changes in regional and global species richness and phylogenetic diversity due to these extinctions and speciations. We show that if all species introduced into new landmasses develop into new species, the number of anthropogenic speciation and extinctions eventually become similar. However, even after accounting for an anthropogenic increase in speciation, our estimates suggest recovery times for phylogenetic diversity of several million years. Our results highlight that while humans are causing drastic biodiversity losses, human-driven speciation could eventually counterbalance these losses in species numbers, while phylogenetic diversity at least within our simulation scenarios would remain permanently reduced. This conclusion, however, requires our pressures on biodiversity to cease soon and requires us to consider geological timescales rather than changes over this century.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Effects of land use and climate change on functional and phylogenetic diversity of terrestrial vertebrates in a Himalayan biodiversity hotspot

Aim: Land use and climate change interact to impact functional and phylogenetic diversity globally, but this pattern is largely unknown in the eastern Himalayas. We aim to discern the response of community diversity and structure of terrestrial mammals and birds to anthropogenic land use and climate change in this hitherto understudied landscape. Location: Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, Bhutan Methods: We used camera trap and point-count transect data to estimate taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity while accounting for detectability. We calculated the abundance-weighted standardised effect sizes (ses) of mean pairwise distance and mean nearest taxon distance. The ses metrics were regressed against land use (agriculture and forest) and climate (temperature and precipitation) variables using linear mixed effect models. Results: Community diversity declined with agriculture in both groups. Mammal diversity was higher farther from the settlement but birds remained indifferent. Temperature and precipitation were positively associated with mammal diversity, but birds displayed a mixed response: negative with temperature and positive with precipitation. Agriculture had a strong negative effect on the functional structure of birds but not mammals. The functional and phylogenetic structure declined farther from the settlement for mammals but increased for birds. Except for the functional structure, all other metrics increased with temperature and precipitation for mammals. Except for the positive relationship between functional structure and temperature, other metrics showed a mixed response to climate in birds. Main conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that land use rather than climate has an imminent effect in shaping local and regional patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in a Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. Climate effects, although weak, may reduce functional traits and consequently diminish functional roles. Species that can persist in human-modified environments are clustered within a phylogeny, suggesting possible loss of phylogenetic diversity.

publicApr 2024View details →

Evolution of wing shape in geometrid moths: phylogenetic effects dominate over ecology

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