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Fig. 3a-c in New Tools for Phylogenetic reconstruction using character state trees

Fig. 3a-c: A CST with the same structure as the one of fig. 1. The paths to the root of the states D (3a) and G (3b) are accentuated, as well as the elements of the set SDG (fig. 3c, see eq. 1).

Fig. 1 in New Tools for Phylogenetic reconstruction using character state trees

Fig. 1 (from LORENZ 1941): Resulting tree out of a species/characters-matrix of 48 mainly behavioural characters from twenty Anatid species (in fact, this graphic is matrix and tree in one).

Fig. 4a-b in New Tools for Phylogenetic reconstruction using character state trees

Fig. 4a-b: (a) Cladogram for five species (the tips T1 to T5) and the character which is coded in fig. 2b as CST. The inner nodes of the cladogram are hypothetical species. Their character state is reconstructed by the algorithm described in the text. Prominent branches denote an evolutionary step (a change of state). (b) Bifurcation of a cladogram with the character coded in fig. 3.

Fig. 2a-c in New Tools for Phylogenetic reconstruction using character state trees

Fig. 2a-c: The same character state tree with Camin – Sokal (a) and Matrioshka (b) coding, and (c) as a combination of three subcharacters (factors), each one with two states.

Fig. 1 in New Tools for Phylogenetic reconstruction using character state trees

Fig. 1: Evolution of the ovipositor and the ootheca of Dictyoptera (Insecta) as an example of a relatively complex character state tree (based on data of GRIMALDI & ENGEL 2005 and EHRMANN 2002). Each node of the tree corresponds to an observed character state.

Fig. 11 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 11. Projections of factor 1 (x-axis) and factor 2 (y-axis) in principal component analysis of A, cranial measurements and B, dental measurements of different diminutive species of Miniopterus from Madagascar, all of which were previously considered to be M. manavi, as well as M. petersoni. Loadings of variables on each axis are shown in table 6.

Fig. 10 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 10. Lateral views of skulls and mandibles of Miniopterus spp. from Madagascar: (above, from left to right) M. manavi (FMNH 194074) from the Grotte de Fandanana, near Fandriana; M. griveaudi (FMNH 169712) from near the Andrafiabe Cave, Ankarana; holotype of M. aelleni (FMNH 173067), from the Canyon d'Antsiroandoa, Ankarana; (below, left) holotype of M. brachytragos (FMNH 175840), from the Forêt d'Ambovonomby, Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby; and (below, right) holotype of M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197), from near Mitoho Cave, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa. (Photograph taken by J. Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94488_03d.)

Fig. 8 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 8. Dorsal views of skulls of Miniopterus spp. from Madagascar: (above, from left to right) M. manavi (FMNH 194074) from the Grotte de Fandanana, near Fandriana; M. griveaudi (FMNH 169712) from near the Andrafiabe Cave, Ankarana; holotype of M. aelleni (FMNH 173067), from the Canyon d'Antsiroandoa, Ankarana; below, left) holotype of M. brachytragos (FMNH 175840), from the Forêt d'Ambovonomby, Parc National de Namoroka; and (below, right) holotype of M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197), from near Mitoho Cave, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa. (Photograph taken by J. Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94488_01d.)

Fig. 7 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 7. Different views of skull and mandible of the holotype of Miniopterus mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197) collected in the Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa, 6.5 km NE Efoetse, near Mitoho Cave: (above, left) dorsal view of cranium; (above, right) ventral view of cranium; and (below) lateral view of cranium and mandible. (Photograph taken by John Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94487_05d.)

Fig. 6 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 6. Photograph of living Miniopterus mahafaliensis captured 6.5 km NE Efoetse, near Mitoho Cave, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa (FMNH 173191), taken at the same locality as the holotype (FMNH 173197). Note the gray grizzled hair to the ventrum. (Photograph by Harald Schütz.)

Fig. 5 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 5. Different views of skull and mandible of the holotype of Miniopterus brachytragos (FMNH 175840) collected in the Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby, 26 km NW Andranomavo: (above, left) dorsal view of cranium; (above, right) ventral view of cranium; and (below) lateral view of cranium and mandible. (Photograph taken by John Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94486_05d.)

Fig. 9 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 9. Ventral views of skulls of Miniopterus spp. from Madagascar: (above, from left to right) M. manavi (FMNH 194074) from the Grotte de Fandanana, near Fandriana; M. griveaudi (FMNH 169712) from near the Andrafiabe Cave, Ankarana; holotype of M. aelleni (FMNH 173067), from the Canyon d'Antsiroandoa, Ankarana; (below, left) holotype of M. brachytragos (FMNH 175840), from the Forêt d'Ambovonomby, Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby; and (below, right) holotype of M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197), from near Mitoho Cave, Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa. (Photograph taken by J. Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z94488_02d.)

Fig. 4 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 4. Right ear and tragus of Miniopterus spp. from Madagascar: A, M. brachytragos (FMNH 175840, holotype), from Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby, 26 km NW Andranomavo; B, M. brachytragos (FMNH 172685) from the Forêt de Binara, near Analamazava River, 7.5 km SW Daraina (village); C, M. brachytragos (FMNH 202523) from 1.8 km S Ambanizana, Masoala Peninsula; D, M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 173197, holotype) from Parc National de Tsimanampetsotsa, 6.5 km NE Efoetse, near Mitoho Cave; E, M. mahafaliensis (FMNH 176101) from Parc National de Kirindy-Mite, near village of Betakilotra, 11 km SE Marofihitsa; F, M. griveaudi (FMNH 184055) from Beloboka, grotte n°1, 12.5 km E Mahajanga, Madagascar; G, M. aelleni (FMNH 175842) from the Parc National de Namoroka, Forêt d'Ambovonomby, 26 km NW Andranomavo. The slightly elongated and pointed distal portion of the tragus in FMNH 175840 (A), as compared to FMNH 172685 and FMNH 202523, maybe an anomalous shape in M. brachytragos.

Fig. 1 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 1. Map of Madagascar showing localities mentioned in the text and sites where specimens of Miniopterus brachytragos sp. nov., M. mahafaliensis sp. nov., M. manavi sensu stricto, M. petersoni, M. griveaudi, and M. aelleni have been collected. The latter two species are also known from the Comoro Archipelago (Goodman et al., 2009b). The species symbols for the sites of Namoroka and Bemaraha have been slightly spread out to avoid obscuring information.

Fig. 2 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic position of different Miniopterus spp. Miniopterus fuliginosus was selected as the outgroup. The tree presented was produced using Bayesian analysis. Posterior probabilities (Bayesian

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Fig. 3 in New Tools for Phylogenetic reconstruction using character state trees

Fig. 3: Result of a Camin-Sokal parsimony phylogenetic reconstruction using the data from tab. 2a.

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Fig. 2 in New Tools for Phylogenetic reconstruction using character state trees

Fig. 2: Result of a Camin-Sokal parsimony phylogenetic reconstruction using the data from tab. 1.

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Fig. 3 in The Use of Molecular Phylogenetic and Morphological Tools to Identify Cryptic and Paraphyletic Species: Examples from the Diminutive Long-fingered Bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae: Miniopterus) on Madagascar

Fig. 3. Photograph of living Miniopterus brachytragos captured near Ambanizana, Masoala Peninsula