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47 results for “physiological tolerance”
Heterogeneous environmental seascape across a biogeographic break influences the thermal physiology and tolerances to ocean acidification in an ecosystem engineer
<p>Dataset for the metabolic rates of limpets under two different pCO2/pH conditions</p> <p>MR are in O2 mg h−1g−1</p>
Figure 2 in A Physiological behavior and tolerance of Lactuca sativa to lead nitrate and silver nitrate heavy metals
Figure 2. Leaves of lettuce under lead and silver nitrate concentrations. A: 0 mg.Kg-1 Pb and Ag; B: 12,5 mg.Kg-1 Ag; C: 25 mg.Kg-1 Ag; D: 37 mg.Kg-1 Ag; E: 90 mg.Kg-1 Pb; F: 180 mg.Kg-1 Pb and G: 270 mg.Kg-1 Pb. Ade: adaxial epidermis;Chp:Chlorophyll parenchyma; Tr:trichome; X: xylem; Abe: abaxial epidermins P: phoema Hy: Hypodermis; VB:vascular bundles; AB: Assesory bundles Bars 50µm.
Figure 1 in A Physiological behavior and tolerance of Lactuca sativa to lead nitrate and silver nitrate heavy metals
Figure 1. Germination and growth characteristics of lettuce plants subjected to increasing lead and Ag concentrations. A) Emergence speed index and emergence mean time; B) Emergence percentage; C) Plant height as a function of lead and silver concentrations; D) Behavior of leaf area in plants subjected to lead; E) SPAD as a function of lead and silver concentrations; F) Weight of dry matter. Each point on the graphs represents an average of 50 repetitions. The standards variations vary between ±2.5 and ±6.8 around the average from the graphs at the different points.
Figure 3 in A Physiological behavior and tolerance of Lactuca sativa to lead nitrate and silver nitrate heavy metals
Figure 3. Roots of lettuce under lead and silver nitrate concentrations. A: 0 mg.Kg-1 Pb and Ag; B: 12,5 mg.Kg-1 Ag; C: 25 mg.Kg-1 Ag; D: 37 mg.Kg-1 Ag; E: 90 mg.Kg-1 Pb; F: 180 mg.Kg-1 Pb and G: 270 mg.Kg-1 Pb. En: endoderm; Ep: epidermis; Ex: exoderm; Co: cortex; Px: protoxylem; Mx: metaxylem. Bars: 50µm.
Physiological tolerance to frost and drought explains range limits of 35 European tree species
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Data From: Contrasting physiological traits of shade tolerance in Pinus and Podocarpaceae native to a tropical Vietnamese forest: Insight from an aberrant flat-leaved pine
<p>The absence of pines from tropical forests is a puzzling biogeographical oddity potentially explained by traits of shade intolerance. <i>Pinus krempfii</i>, a flat-leaved pine endemic to the Central Highlands of Vietnam, provides a notable exception as it seems to successfully compete with shade-tolerant tropical species. Here, we test the hypothesis that successful conifer performance at the juvenile stage depends on physiological traits of shade tolerance by comparing the physiological characteristics of <i>P. krempfii </i>to coexisting species from the genus <i>Pinus</i> and from the Podocarpaceae, a relatively abundant and shade tolerant conifer family found in pantropical forests. We examined leaf photosynthetic, respiratory and biochemical traits. Additionally, we compiled attainable maximum photosynthesis, maximum RuBP carboxylation (<i>Vc</i><sub>max</sub>) and maximum electron transport (<i>J</i><sub>max</sub>) values for <i>Pinus</i> and Podocarpaceae species from the literature. In our literature compilation, <i>P. krempfii </i>was intermediate between <i>Pinus</i> and Podocarpaceae in its maximum photosynthesis and its <i>Vc</i><sub>max</sub>. <i>Pinus</i> exhibited a higher <i>Vc</i><sub>max</sub> than Podocarpaceae, resulting in a less steep slope in the linear relationship between <i>J</i><sub>max</sub> and <i>Vc</i><sub>max</sub>. These results suggest that <i>Pinus </i>may be more shade intolerant than Podocarpaceae with <i>P. krempfii </i>falling between the two groups. However, in contrast, Vietnamese conifers' leaf mass per areas and biochemical traits did not highlight the same intermediate nature of <i>P. krempfii</i>. Furthermore, regardless of leaf shape or family assignation, all species demonstrated a common carbon gain efficiency. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of shade tolerance for conifer survival in tropical forests. However, they also demonstrate a diversity of shade tolerance strategies, all of which lead to the persistence of Vietnamese juvenile conifers in low-light tropical understories.</p>
Physiological and environmental data from: Are you ready for the heat? Plasticity vs adaptation of heat tolerance in three-spined stickleback
<p>Heat waves constitute a challenge for aquatic ectotherms. However, the thermal tolerance of animals and their individual phenotypic plasticity to respond to heat waves may be influenced by thermal history. We tested these hypotheses by comparing the upper thermal tolerance and the individual capacities of three-spined sticklebacks from populations with different thermal histories to respond to heat waves. Two populations originated from thermally polluted nuclear power plant (NPP) habitats, while four locations represented geographically adjacent control areas. To disentangle the genetic adaptation from the phenotypic plastic response, we measured the individual upper thermal tolerance and the responses at molecular level in common garden conditions before and after a laboratory-mimicked heat wave. We found that the sticklebacks exhibit considerable phenotypic plasticity in thermal tolerance since the heat wave increased fish upper thermal tolerance significantly. The individual plasticity to respond to the heat wave was also negatively correlated to initial thermal tolerance. On the other hand, neither the thermal tolerance nor the plastic responses differed between NPP and control sites despite detection of significant but low genome-wide divergence in 10 out of 15 pairwise comparisons. Our results suggest that five decades of nuclear power plant activity with warmer water has not resulted in a detectable evolutionary change in either the upper thermal tolerance or its plasticity in three-spined sticklebacks potentially rendering them sensitive to frequent heat waves.</p>
Data and code from: Experimental evolution of environmental tolerance, acclimation, and physiological plasticity in a randomly fluctuating environment
<p>Environmental tolerance curves, representing absolute fitness against the environment, are an empirical assessment of the fundamental niche, and emerge from the phenotypic plasticity of underlying phenotypic traits. Dynamic plastic responses of these traits can lead to acclimation effects, whereby recent past environments impact current fitness. Theory predicts that higher levels of phenotypic plasticity should evolve in environments that fluctuate more predictably, but there have been few experimental tests of these predictions. Specifically, will still lack experimental evidence for evolution of acclimation effects in response to environmental predictability. Here, we exposed 25 genetically diverse populations of the halotolerant microalgae Dunaliella salina to different constant salinities, or to randomly fluctuating salinities, for over 200 generations. The fluctuating treatments differed in their autocorrelation, which determines the similarity of subsequent values, and thus environmental predictability. We then measured acclimated tolerance surfaces, mapping population growth rate against past (acclimation) and current (assay) environments. We found that experimental mean and variance in salinity caused the evolution of niche position (optimal salinity) and breadth, with respect to not only current but also past (acclimation) salinity. We also detected weak but significant evidence for evolutionary changes in response to environmental predictability, with higher predictability leading notably to an upwards shift in optimal salinities and stronger acclimation effect of past environment on current fitness. We further showed that these responses are related to the evolution of plasticity for intracellular glycerol, the major osmoregulatory mechanism in this species. However the direction of plasticity evolution did not match simple theoretical predictions. Our results underline the need for a more explicit consideration of the dynamics of environmental tolerance and its underlying plastic traits to reach a better understanding of ecology and evolution in fluctuating environments.</p>
High physiological function for corals with thermally tolerant, host-adapted symbionts
<p>The flexibility to associate with more than one symbiont may considerably expand a host's niche breadth. Coral animals and dinoflagellate micro-algae represent one of the most functionally integrated and widespread mutualisms between two eukaryotic partners. Symbiont identity greatly affects a coral's ability to cope with extremes in temperature and light. Over its broad distribution across the Eastern Pacific, the ecologically dominant branching coral, <em>Pocillopora grandis</em>, depends on mutualisms with the dinoflagellates <em>Durusdinium glynnii</em> and <em>Cladocopium latusorum</em>. Measurements of skeletal growth, calcification rates, total mass increase, calyx dimensions, reproductive output and response to thermal stress were used to assess the functional performance of these partner combinations. The results show both host–symbiont combinations displayed similar phenotypes; however, significant functional differences emerged when exposed to increased temperatures. Negligible physiological differences in colonies hosting the more thermally tolerant <em>D. glynnii</em> refute the prevailing view that these mutualisms have considerable growth tradeoffs. Well beyond the Eastern Pacific, pocilloporid colonies with <em>D. glynnii</em> are found across the Pacific in warm, environmentally variable, near-shore lagoonal habitats. While rising ocean temperatures threaten the persistence of contemporary coral reefs, lessons from the Eastern Pacific indicate that co-evolved thermally tolerant host–symbiont combinations are likely to expand ecologically and spread geographically to dominate reef ecosystems in the future.</p>
Data from: Evolution of cold tolerance and thermal plasticity in life history, behaviour and physiology during a poleward range expansion
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Data From: Contrasting physiological traits of shade tolerance in Pinus and Podocarpaceae native to a tropical Vietnamese forest: Insight from an aberrant flat-leaved pine
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
High physiological function for corals with thermally tolerant, host-adapted symbionts
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Data and code from: Experimental evolution of environmental tolerance, acclimation, and physiological plasticity in a randomly fluctuating environment
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Physiological and environmental data from: Are you ready for the heat? Plasticity vs adaptation of heat tolerance in three-spined stickleback
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Networks of physiological adjustments and defenses, and their synergy with sodium (Na+) homeostasis explain the hidden variation for salinity tolerance across the cultivated Gossypium hirsutum germplasm
<p>The abilities to mobilize and/or sequester excess ions within and outside the plant cell are important components of salt-tolerance mechanisms. Mobilization and sequestration of Na<sup>+</sup> involves three transport systems facilitated by the plasma membrane H<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> antiporter (SOS1), vacuolar<i> </i>H<sup>+</sup>/Na<sup>+</sup> antiporter (NHX1), and Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> transporter<i> </i>in vascular tissues (HKT1). Many of these mechanisms are conserved across the plant kingdom. While <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> (upland cotton) is significantly more salt-tolerant relative to other crops, the critical factors contributing to the phenotypic variation hidden across the germplasm have not been fully unraveled. In this study, the spatio-temporal patterns of Na<sup>+</sup> accumulation along with other physiological and biochemical interactions were investigated at different severities of salinity across a meaningful genetic diversity panel across cultivated upland <i>Gossypium. </i>The aim was to define the importance of holistic or integrated effects relative to the direct effects of Na<sup>+</sup> homeostasis mechanisms mediated by <i>GhHKT1, GhSOS1,</i> and <i>GhNHX1. </i>Multi-dimensional physio-morphometric attributes were investigated in a systems-level context using univariate and multivariate statistics, <i>randomForest,</i> and path analysis. Results showed that mobilized or sequestered Na<sup>+</sup> contributes significantly to the baseline tolerance mechanisms. However, the observed variance in overall tolerance potential across a meaningful diversity panel were more significantly attributed to antioxidant capacity, maintenance of stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and divalent cation (Mg<sup>2+</sup>) contents other than Ca<sup>2+</sup> through a complex interaction with Na<sup>+</sup> homeostasis. The multi-tier macro-physiological, biochemical and molecular data generated in this study, and the networks of interactions uncovered strongly suggest that a complex physiological and biochemical synergy beyond the first-line-of defense (Na<sup>+</sup> sequestration and mobilization) accounts for the total phenotypic variance across the primary germplasm of <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>. These findings are consistent with the recently proposed Omnigenic Theory for quantitative traits and should contribute to a modern look at phenotypic selection for salt tolerance in cotton breeding.</p>
Data from: Can physiological engineering/programming increase multi-generational thermal tolerance to extreme temperature events?
Organisms increasingly encounter higher frequencies of extreme weather events as a consequence of global climate change. Currently, few strategies are available to mitigate climate change effects on animals arising from acute extreme high temperature events. We tested the capacity of physiological engineering to influence the intra- and multi-generational upper thermal tolerance capacity of a model organism Artemia, subjected to extreme high temperatures. Enhancement of specific physiological regulators during development could affect thermal tolerances or life-history attributes affecting subsequent fitness. Using experimental Artemia populations we exposed F0 individuals to one of four treatments; heat hardening (28 &[deg]C to 36 &[deg]C, 1 &[deg]C per 10 minutes), heat hardening plus serotonin (0.056 μg ml-1), heat hardening plus methionine (0.79 mg ml-1), and a control treatment. Regulator concentrations were based on previous literature. Serotonin may promote thermotolerance, acting upon metabolism and life-history. Methionine acts as a methylation agent across generations. For all groups, measurements were collected for three performance traits of individual thermal tolerance (upper sublethal thermal limit, lethal limit, and dysregulation range) over two generations. Results showed no treatment increased upper thermal limit during acute thermal stress, although serotonin-treated and methionine-treated individuals outperformed controls across multiple thermal performance traits. Additionally, some effects were evident across generations. Together these results suggest phenotypic engineering provides complex outcomes; and if implemented with heat hardening can further influence performance in multiple thermal tolerance traits, within and across generations. Potentially, such techniques could be up-scaled to provide resilience and stability in populations susceptible to extreme temperature events.
Data from: Climate, physiological tolerance, and sex-biased dispersal shape genetic structure of Neotropical orchid bees
Understanding the impact of past climatic events on the demographic history of extant species is critical for predicting species' responses to future climate change. Paleoclimatic instability is a major mechanism of lineage diversification in taxa with low dispersal and small geographic ranges in tropical ecosystems. However, the impact of these climatic events remains questionable for the diversification of species with high levels of gene flow and large geographic distributions. In this study, we investigate the impact of Pleistocene climate change on three Neotropical orchid bee species (Eulaema bombiformis, E. meriana and E. cingulata) with transcontinental distributions and different physiological tolerances. We first generated ecological niche models to identify species-specific climatically stable areas during Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we inferred calibrated phylogenies and estimated historical demographic parameters to reconstruct the phylogeographic history of each species. Our results indicate species with narrower physiological tolerance experienced less suitable habitat during glaciations and currently exhibit strong population structure in the mitochondrial genome. However, nuclear markers with low and high mutation rates show lack of association with geography. These results combined with lower migration rate estimates from the mitochondrial than the nuclear genome suggest male-biased dispersal. We conclude that despite large effective population sizes and capacity for long-distance dispersal, climatic instability is an important mechanism of maternal lineage diversification in orchid bees. Thus, these Neotropical pollinators are susceptible to disruption of genetic connectivity in the event of large-scale climatic changes.
Heterogeneous environmental seascape across a biogeographic brake influences the thermal physiology and tolerances to ocean acidification in an ecosystem
<p><b>Aim:</b> Understanding how spatio-temporal environmental variability influences stress tolerance, local adaptation, and phenotypic variation among populations is a key challenge for evolutionary ecology and climate change biology. Coastal biogeographic breaks are natural laboratories to explore this fundamental research question due to the contrasting environmental conditions experienced by natural populations across these regions.</p> <p><b>Location:</b> In the South East Pacific (SEP) coast a major break (30º-32ºS) is characterized by extreme natural variability in sea surface temperature (SST) and carbonate chemistry parameters related to temporal and spatial dynamics in upwelling events. Calcifying organisms inhibiting this zone are exposed to marked fluctuations and clines in SST that together with naturally acidified waters can impact their metabolism, calcification and fitness, making them particularly prone to the effects of climate change (e.g., ocean acidification, OA). We investigated to what extent the spatial and temporal environmental variability (in SST and seawater carbonate conditions) that characterizes the biogeographic break in the SEP, influences intra-specific differences in the thermal ecology and the tolerances to OA of the limpet <i>Scurria araucana</i>.</p> <p><b>Methods: </b>During two years, we conducted field surveys of limpet populations at sites across the SEP break (27ºS, 30ºS and 32ºS). We collected individuals from each population to test for geographic differences in morphometric (e.g., total buoyancy weight, shell length) and physiological (e.g., oxygen consumption rate, cardiac activity, and thermal performance curves; TPC) responses to local environmental conditions (Tº and pH/pCO<sub>2</sub>) and to simulated OA scenarios.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Populations of <i>S. Araucana </i>exhibit high tolerance to OA with no signal of geographic influence on this attribute. However, inter-population differences in thermal physiology (metabolic rates and performances) where found across the biogeographic break in the SEP coast. Limpets from the central part of the break (30ºS) exhibit higher thermal performance compared to limpets from populations at both sides of the break.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions:</b> Variation in SST has a greater effect shaping inter-population differences in thermal physiology of the limpet <i>S. araucana</i>. These physiological differences<i> </i>are aligned the thermal heterogenous seascape along the biogeographic break in the SEP. Contrary, temporal and spatial variation in seawater carbonate conditions does not influence inter-population differences in phenotypic response populations, but an overall high tolerance to OA.</p>
Data from: Energy and physiological tolerance explain multi-trophic soil diversity in temperate mountains
<p><span><strong>Aim </strong>–</span><span> Although soil biodiversity is extremely rich and spatially variable, both in terms of species and trophic groups, we still know little about its main drivers. Here, we contrast four long-standing hypotheses to explain the spatial variation of soil multi-trophic diversity: energy, physiological tolerance, habitat heterogeneity, and resource heterogeneity.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location </strong>–</span><span> French Alps</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods </strong>–</span><span> We built on a large-scale observatory across the French Alps (Orchamp) made of seventeen elevational gradients (~90 plots) ranging from low to very high altitude (280 - 3160 m),</span> <span>and encompassing large variations in </span><span>climate, vegetation and pedological conditions. Biodiversity measurements of 36 soil trophic groups were obtained through environmental DNA metabarcoding. Using a machine learning approach, we assessed 1) the relative importance of predictors linked to different ecological hypotheses in explaining overall multi-trophic soil biodiversity, and 2) the consistency of the response curves across trophic groups. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Results </strong>–</span><span> We showed that predictors associated with the four hypotheses had a statistically significant influence on soil multi-trophic diversity, with the strongest support for the energy and physiological tolerance hypotheses. Physiological tolerance explained spatial variation in soil diversity consistently across trophic groups, and was an especially strong predictor for bacteria, protists and microfauna. The effect of energy was more group-specific, with energy input through soil organic matter strongly affecting groups related to the detritus channel. Habitat and resource heterogeneity had overall weaker and more specific impacts on biodiversity with habitat heterogeneity affecting mostly autotrophs, and resource heterogeneity affecting bacterivores, phytophagous insects, enchytraeids and saprotrophic fungi.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Main Conclusions</strong> –</span><span> Despite the variability of responses to the environmental drivers found across soil trophic groups, major commonalities on the ecological processes structuring soil biodiversity emerged. We conclude that among the major ecological hypotheses traditionally applied to aboveground organisms, some are particularly relevant to predict the spatial variation in soil biodiversity across the major soil trophic groups.</span></p>
A First in Human Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and the Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics of XFB19 in Healthy Adult Volunteers.
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05361733. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 5.
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