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Text-fig. 5. Vegetation zones in P. R. China (Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences 2007), and assumed location of extant reference vegetation type of Wiesa fossil assemblage (rectangle), as revealed from qualitative floristic analysis. Extant reference vegetation type present in southern belt of zone of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, with minor overlap into zone of tropical forest. in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 5. Vegetation zones in P. R. China (Editorial Committee of Vegetation Map of China, The Chinese Academy of Sciences 2007), and assumed location of extant reference vegetation type of Wiesa fossil assemblage (rectangle), as revealed from qualitative floristic analysis. Extant reference vegetation type present in southern belt of zone of subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest, with minor overlap into zone of tropical forest.

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 4. Graphical visualization of Phytogeographic Reference Regions Assessment (PRRA) of nearest living relative genera of fossil-taxa from late Early Miocene Wiesa assemblage in eastern Germany. Analysis yields only NLRs which have modern distribution area (partly) in E and SE Asia. For relationships of fossil-taxa to nearest living relatives or ecological equivalents, see Tab. 6; taxa used for analysis marked with asterisks. Three geographic resolutions conducted: a – grid with 1.5° latitude/longitude resolution, b – grid with 2°, c – grid with 3°; similarity column indicates cooccurrences of genera of nearest living relatives in single grid box. Maximum value in our analysis: grid box marked with arrow in map a, located in western Yunnan Province, P. R. China and southern Kachin Province, NE Myanmar (east of Myitkyina city), area with 97.371 7–98.874 2° longitude and 24.586 7–25.837 5° latitude, yields 23 co-occurring species of 13 genera (Tab. 7).

Text-fig. 3. Litho- and biostratigraphic position of fossil floras treated herein, based on lithostratigraphic standard section of upper Oligocene and Miocene in central and eastern Germany (Standke et al. 2010, Escher et al. 2020); only exception from standard section: ** – Thierbach Member restricted to central Germany, replaces Branitz Member in eastern Germany; correlated to global scale of International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2022/02 (Cohen et al. 2013); maximum age ranges of sites/floras indicated by black bars; floristic complexes according to definitions by Mai and Walther 1991 for upper Oligocene, Mai 2000b, 2001b for Miocene; age range of MCO from Steinthorsdottir et al. 2021. in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 3. Litho- and biostratigraphic position of fossil floras treated herein, based on lithostratigraphic standard section of upper Oligocene and Miocene in central and eastern Germany (Standke et al. 2010, Escher et al. 2020); only exception from standard section: ** – Thierbach Member restricted to central Germany, replaces Branitz Member in eastern Germany; correlated to global scale of International Chronostratigraphic Chart 2022/02 (Cohen et al. 2013); maximum age ranges of sites/floras indicated by black bars; floristic complexes according to definitions by Mai and Walther 1991 for upper Oligocene, Mai 2000b, 2001b for Miocene; age range of MCO from Steinthorsdottir et al. 2021.

Text-fig. 2. Kaolin clay pit at hill Hasenberg in Wiesa, Saxony, Germany; view of southern high wall, showing deeply weathered late Early Miocene lignite seam by dark brown color in center (photographed 2015). Fossil-bearing strata were reported (e.g., Mai 1964) as below lignite seam, but this horizon does actually not crop out (also evidenced by new drillings, communicated by Dr. Jochen Rascher, GEOMONTAN GmbH company, Freiberg/Sa., Germany). in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 2. Kaolin clay pit at hill Hasenberg in Wiesa, Saxony, Germany; view of southern high wall, showing deeply weathered late Early Miocene lignite seam by dark brown color in center (photographed 2015). Fossil-bearing strata were reported (e.g., Mai 1964) as below lignite seam, but this horizon does actually not crop out (also evidenced by new drillings, communicated by Dr. Jochen Rascher, GEOMONTAN GmbH company, Freiberg/Sa., Germany).

Text-fig. 1. Location of Wiesa fossil site in eastern Germany and other fossil sites for comparison. Explanation for map b: all fossil sites – black circles; grey circles – cities; topographic names in italics – German states (Länder). For bio- and lithostratigraphic data of fossil sites, see chapter Methodologies and material and Text-fig. 3. in Assessment Of Phytogeographic Reference Regions For Cenozoic Vegetation: A Case Study On The Miocene Flora Of Wiesa (Germany)

Text-fig. 1. Location of Wiesa fossil site in eastern Germany and other fossil sites for comparison. Explanation for map b: all fossil sites – black circles; grey circles – cities; topographic names in italics – German states (Länder). For bio- and lithostratigraphic data of fossil sites, see chapter Methodologies and material and Text-fig. 3.

FIGURE 3 in A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas

FIGURE 3. The twenty ABA phytogeographical sub-regions for Australia's land plants (excluding Southern New Guinea). The areas are an approximation of the 100km2 grid cells in González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014). As these areas are defined on a numerical approach (like that in the IBRA classification), their monophyly is still unknown. Southern New Guinea is not figured.

FIGURE 2. A in A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas

FIGURE 2. A. The raw data from the González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014) analysis. B. Corresponding dendrogram that shows the geographic clustering based on species turnover.

FIGURE 4. A in A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas

FIGURE 4. A. The raw data from the González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014) analysis. B. Corresponding dendrogram that shows the geographical clustering based on species turnover.

FIGURE 1 in A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas

FIGURE 1. The five ABA phytogeographical sub-regions for Australia's land plants based on the raw data in González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014). The areas are an approximation of the 100km2 grid cells in González-Orozco, Ebach et al. (2014). As these areas are defined on a numerical approach (like that in the IBRA classification), their monophyly is still unknown.

Fig. 2 in Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa

Fig. 2. High elevation flora and vegetation of the Afrotropics.A.Lower alpine vegetation (Sanetti Plateau, Bale Highlands, Ethiopia); B.Lobelia rhynchopetalum Hemsl., endemic to the lower alpine belt of Ethiopia; C. L. gibberoa Hemsl., a forest-dwelling giant lobelia of the montane belt, restricted to tropical Africa; D. Montane forest (Harenna Forest, Bale Highlands, Ethiopia).

Fig. 4 in Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of the centres and sub-centres of the Cape element in sub-Sahelian Africa (from Carbutt, 2004; Carbutt and Edwards, 2012; updated from Weimarck, 1941). The high elevation sub-centres in particular are often fragmented, hence the need for two hyphenated names when considering two dominant enclaves of close proximity. The most modern and geographically accurate names have been used. For example, 'Abessinian Sub-centre' is now 'Ethiopian Sub-centre'; 'Rungwe Sub-centre' is now 'Nyika-Rungwe Subcentre'; 'Mitumba-Rwenzori Sub-centre' is an amalgamation of Weimarck's (1941) 'Katanga' and 'Kivu' Sub-centres, named after the Mitumba Highlands, and the dominant Rwenzori Mountains further north. The double-sided arrows denote possible dual-direction migration events that may have resulted in reciprocal exchange of taxa between centres.

Fig. 5 in Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa

Fig. 5. Schematic representation of the intervals between centres and sub-centres of the Cape element in sub-Sahelian Africa (from Carbutt, 2004; updated from Weimarck, 1941). Symbols: ▲, high elevation centres and sub-centres of the Cape element; ●, low elevation centre of the Cape element (Pondoland Centre). Most names are derived from the geographic regions in which the intervals occur.

Fig. 3 in Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa

Fig. 3. The Drakensberg Alpine Centre, southern Africa, as previously recognised. A. upper montane grasslands above Sani Pass, southern KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg; B. near-endemic shrub, Euryops evansii Schltr. subsp. evansii, of the upper montane belt; C. endemic forb, Moraea alticola Goldblatt, of the lower alpine belt; D. lower alpine grasslands of Lesotho.

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Fig. 1 in Reconciling ecological and phytogeographical spatial boundaries to clarify the limits of the montane and alpine regions of sub-Sahelian Africa

Fig. 1. The most prominent high elevation areas of the Afromontane region in sub-Sahelian Africa (A–X) as well as the location of the Cape Floristic Region (Y). Adapted from Hedberg (1994), Carbutt and Edwards (2001) and Wesche et al. (2008). The Great Rift is represented by B–N, Q–U; the Albertine Rift is represented by O and P; and the Great Escarpment is represented by V–X. Key to abbreviations: A, Mount Cameroon, Cameroon (4040 m); B–K, Ethiopian Highlands (north-east Africa, Ethiopia); B, Simen Mountains (4543 m); C, Mount Guna (4225 m); D, Mount Abuna Yosef (4260 m); E, Mount Choqa (4113 m); F, Mount Abuye Meda (4012 m); G, Mangestu Mountains (4072 m); H, Mount Bada (4036 m); I, Mount Kaka (4200 m); J, Bale Mountains (4377 m); K, Mount Guge (4203 m); L, Mount Elgon, Kenya/Uganda (4315 m); M, Mount Kenya, Kenya (5199 m); N, Aberdare Mountains, Kenya (3994 m); O, Rwenzori Mountains, Democratic Republic of Congo/Uganda (5109 m); P, Virunga Mountains, Democratic Republic of Congo/Rwanda/Uganda (4507 m); Q, Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (5895 m); R, Mount Hanang, Tanzania (3417 m); S, Mount Meru, Tanzania (4565 m); T, Nyika Plateau, Malawi (2605 m); U, Mount Mulanje, Malawi (3002 m); V, Mount Nyangani, Zimbabwe (2592 m); W, Chimanimani Mountains, Mozambique/Zimbabwe (2440 m); X, Drakensberg Alpine Centre, Lesotho/South Africa (3482 m) bisecting the northeastern escarpment (X1) and the south-eastern escarpment (X2); Y, Cape Floristic Region.