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3 results for “pigment-dispersing factor”
Pigment-Dispersing Factor expressing neurons provide an infrastructure for conveying circadian information in the honey bee brain
<p>A movie of a 360° view of the 3D-reconstructed PDF (Pigment Dispersing Factor) network in the honey bee brain. (avi file to be opened with for example Fiji ImageJ)</p>
Data from: Analysis of pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides and their receptor in a velvet worm
<p>Pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides (PDFs) occur in a wide range of protostomes including ecdysozoans (= molting animals) and lophotrochozoans (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, and allies). Studies in insects revealed that PDFs play a role as coupling factors of circadian pacemaker cells, thereby controlling rest-activity rhythms. While the last common ancestor of protostomes most likely possessed only one <i>pdf</i> gene, two <i>pdf</i> homologs, <i>pdf-I</i> and <i>pdf-II</i>, might have been present in the last common ancestors of Ecdysozoa and Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda). One of these homologs, however, was subsequently lost in the tardigrade and arthropod lineages followed by independent duplications of <i>pdf-I</i> in tardigrades and decapod crustaceans. Due to the ancestral set of two <i>pdf</i> genes, the study of PDFs and their receptor (PDFR) in Onychophora might reveal the ancient organization and function of the PDF/PDFR system in panarthropods. Therefore, we deorphanized the PDF receptor and generated specific antibodies to localize the two PDF peptides and their receptor in the onychophoran <i>Euperipatoides rowelli</i>. We further conducted bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) experiments on cultured human cells (HEK293T) using an Epac-based sensor (Epac-L) to examine cAMP responses in transfected cells and to reveal potential differences in the interaction of PDF-I and PDF-II with PDFR from <i>E. rowelli</i>. These data show that PDF-II has a tenfold higher potency than PDF-I as an activating ligand. Double immunolabeling revealed that both peptides are co-expressed in <i>E. rowelli</i> but their respective levels of expression differ between specific cells: some neurons express the same amount of both peptides, while others exhibit higher levels of either PDF-I or PDF-II. The detection of the onychophoran PDF receptor in cells that additionally express the two PDF peptides suggests autoreception, whereas spatial separation of PDFR- and PDF-expressing cells supports hormonal release of PDF into the hemolymph. This suggests a dual role of PDF peptides—as hormones and as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators—in Onychophora.</p>
Data from: Analysis of pigment-dispersing factor neuropeptides and their receptor in a velvet worm
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