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Fig. 6 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 6. Isolated elements assigned to a pike Esox spp. from Southeastern Europe; late Miocene (A–J), Pliocene (N–Q), and Pleistocene (K–M, R–T). A–G, I–T. Tooth, lateral view. A. NMNHU-P 41/3472, Palievo. B. NMNHU-P 33/561, Mykhailivka 2. C. NMNHU-P 29/1708, Popovo 3. D. NMNHU-P 29/1045, Verkhnya Krynitsya 2. E. NMNHU-P 41/4498, Egorovka 2. F. NMNHU-P 41/4329, Egorovka 1. G. NMNHU-P 38/1964, Novoukrainka 1. I. NMNHU-P 41/2466, Pontian Lectostratotype. J. NMNHU-P 41/2742, Vinogradovka 1. K. NMNHU-P 53/4395, Bol'shevik 2. L. NMNHU-P 29/380, Lysa Gora 1. M. NMNHU-P 53/4388, Semibalka 1. N. NMNHU-P 42/2458, Vinogradovka 2. O. NMNHU-P 53/4281, Obukhovka 2. P. NMNHU-P 53/4344, Zhevakhova Gora. Q. NMNHU-P 29/627, Verkhnya Krynitsya 1. R. NMNHU-P 42/2463, Kotlovina 2. S. NMNHU-P 53/4406, Medzhibozh. T. NMNHU-P 42/2472, Kotlovina 3. H. Left palatine (NMNHU-P 33/517), Andreevka, occlusal view. Scale bars: C, D, H–O, R, S, T, 5 mm; A, B, E, F, P, Q, 4 mm; G, 3 mm.

Fig. 1 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 1. Map showing location of Ukraine in Europe (B). Localities with fossil pike remains in southeastern Europe in Ukraine (A), detailed view of area near Odessa (C). 1, Popovo; 2, Mykhailivka; 3, Frunzovka; 4, Palievo; 5, Lobkovo; 6, Cherevichne; 7, Vasylivka; 8, Verkhnya Krynitsya; 9, Egorovka; 10, Novoukrainka; 11, Andreevka; 12, Orekhovka; 13, Pontian Lectostratotype; 14, Vinogradovka; 15, Novopetrovka; 16, Obukhovka; 17, Kamenskoe; 18, Kotlovina; 19, Zhevakhova Gora; 20, Kryzhanovka; 21, Tiligul; 22, Nova Etuliya; 23, Sinyaya Balka; 24, Nogaisk; 25, Kairy; 26, Protopopovka; 27, Semibalka; 28, Lysa Gora; 29, Bol'shevik; 30, Medzhibozh.

Fig. 3 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 3. Isolated elements assigned to a pike Esox moldavicus Sytchevskaya, 1974 from Southeastern Europe; Pliocene (A, C–E, G), and Pleistocene (B, F, H). A. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 45/6017), Cherevichne 2, occlusal view. B. Right palatine (NMNHU-P 41/2556), Kotlovina 3, ventral view. C. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 42/513), Kamenskoe, occlusal view. D. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 53/4248), Kryzhanovka, occlusal (D1) and medial (D2) views. E. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 53/4245), Obukhovka 1, occlusal view. F. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 41/2452), Kotlovina 2, occlusal view. G. Palatine fragment (NMNHU-P 53/4246), Obukhovka 2, ventral view. H. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 41/2454), Kotlovina 3, occlusal view. E, D2, anterior to right; C, D1, A, F, H, anterior to left; G, B, anterior towards top. Scale bars: E, D, 10 mm; C, G, F, H, B, 5 mm; A, 2 mm.

Fig. 5 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 5. Isolated elements assigned to the Northern Pike Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 from Southeastern Europe; Pleistocene. A. Left cleithrum (NMNHU-P 53/4249), Nova Etuliya, lateral view. B. Left palatine (NMNHU-P 53/4253), Semibalka 1, ventral view. C. Right palatine (NMNHU-P 53/4255), Medzhibozh, dorsal view (C1), ventral view (C2). D. Fragment of cleithra (NMNHU-P 53/4250), Sinyaya Balka, lateral view. E. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 53/4387), Semibalka 1, occlusal view. F. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 53/4264), Medzhibozh, occlusal view. G. Parashenoid (NMNHU-P 53/4254), Medzhibozh, dorsal view. A, D, E, anterior to right; F, anterior to left; B, C, G, anterior towards top. Scale bars: A–F, 5 mm; G, 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 2. Isolated elements assigned to a pike Esox sibiricus Sytchevskaya, 1976 from Southeastern Europe; late Miocene (A–J), Pliocene (K), and Pleistocene (L). A. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 29/1679), Popovo 3, occlusal view. B. Dentary fragment with teeth (NMNHU-P 29/1680), Popovo 3, medial view. C. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 29/3965), Lobkovo, occlusal view. D. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 45/5690), Cherevichne 3, occlusal view. E. Parasphenoid (NMNHU-P 29/1033), Verkhnya Krynitsya 2, dorsal view. F. Dentary fragment (NMNHU-P 29/1034), Verkhnya Krynitsya 2, lateral view. G. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 41/4324), Egorovka 2, occlusal view. H. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 41/2847), Orekhovka, occlusal view. I. Right articular (NMNHU-P 41/4525), Egorovka 2, lateral view. J. Right dentary (NMNHU-P 41/2741), Vinogradovka 1, occlusal view. K. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 37/2554), Novopetrovka, occlusal view. L. Left dentary (NMNHU-P 29/1583), Popovo 2, occlusal view. C, D, H, I, K, L, anterior to right; A, B, F, G, J, anterior to left; E, anterior towards top. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in A review of Neogene and Quaternary pikes of southeastern Europe and a new species from the early Pleistocene of Nogaisk, Ukraine

Fig. 4. Isolated elements assigned to a pike Esox nogaicus sp. nov. from Southeastern Europe, Nogaisk; Pleistocene. A. Holotype, right dentary (NMNHU-P 27/1697), occlusal (A1) and lateral (A1) views. B. Left frontal (NMNHU-P 27/1124), lateral view. C. Left parietal (NMNHU-P 27/1129), dorsal view. D. Vomer (NMNHU-P 27/1088), ventral view. E. Parasphenoid (NMNHU-P 27/1047), ventral (E1) and dorsal (E2) views. F. Left hyomandibular (NMNHU-P 27/1093), lateral (F1) and medial (F2) views. G. Left maxilla (NMNHU-P 27/1036), lateral view. H. Right articular (NMNHU-P 27/1024), medial view. I. Right palatine (NMNHU-P 27/1115), ventral (I1), lateral (I2), and dorsal (I3) views. J. Right opercular (NMNHU-P 27/986), medial view. K. Left ceratohyal (NMNHU-P 27/1059), medial view. L. Right quadrate (NMNHU-P 27/1012), medial view. M. Left cleithrum (NMNHU-P 27/1035), medial view. A2, G, H, I1, I2, M, anterior to right; A1, B, I3, J, L, anterior to left; C–F, K, anterior towards top. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus

Fig. 6 Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogram reconstructed using the 18S rDNA dataset of the new species Huffmanela persica sp. nov. and other related species within the families Trichosomoididae,Trichinellidae, Trichuridae and Capillariidae. ML analysis was performed using the substitution model K2 + G with 1000 bootstrap replications

Fig. 5 in Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus

Fig. 5 Photomicrographs from histological sections of infected tissues of a daggertooth pike conger eel. A, B Histological sections of the stomach infected by eggs of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. at various stages of development as well as degenerated encysted metazoans (⁎). C, D Sections of the tunica serosa of the stomach parasitized with completely developed eggs. E Sections of the ovarian lamellae infected by both clusters of immature (➔) and developing (➤) eggs, representing immature and previtellogenic oocytes embedded within a loose fibro-granulomatous infiltration containing histiocytes and eosinophilic granular leukocytes (⁎). F Magnified view of histological section of infected ovary showing a fibro-granulomatous infiltrate surrounding clusters of eggs at different stages of development (mainly highly developed eggs, ➤). G High magnification (100×) view of a fully developed egg of H. persica (cross-sectional view) showing larva in-folded within the eggshell and a protruding polar plug at either end. H Less developed eggs with a nearly central nucleus (⁎) and thin eggshell layer and I fully developed eggs containing twisted larvae of H. persica cut on varying planes of section

Fig. 4 in Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus

Fig. 4 Scanning electron micrographs of poorly developed (A–D) and fully developed (E–I) eggs of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (separated from infected ovary). Less developed eggs spherical shaped (white arrow shows a shrunken and wrinkled egg) and with no evidently developed polar plugs. Fully developed eggs oblong and containing two plugs at poles. Eggs completely surrounded by a UL bearing uniformly based mammiform mounds adorned with tendril-like vermiform appendage emerging from the apex, occasionally adjoined to that of a neighboring mound (green arrowheads). Note the illusory appearance of serrated-like ridges (occasionally in the form of illusory interconnecting ridges, black arrows) in side views which is caused by overlapping of the mound bases (well observed in less developed eggs, red arrowheads). Outer surface of eggshell with irregular protuberances (yellow arrowheads)

Fig. 1 in Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus

Fig. 1 Representation of an advanced egg of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. with measurements considered in this study. Total length with protruding polar plug and UL (black line); total length without protruding polar plug and UL (red line); total width with UL (yellow line); total width without UL (light blue line); shell thickness with UL (green line); shell thickness without UL (white line); polar plug width (dark blue line)

Fig. 2 in Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus

Fig. 2 Macroscopic and microscopic appearance of fully developed eggs of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. A Grossly visible lesions of eggs previously deposited by adult forms of H. persica sp. nov. in the form of dark spots of various size within the infected tissues (ovary and serosa of stomach) of Muraenesox cinereus. B Wet mount prepared from infected ovary illustrating variously oriented advanced eggs of H. persica sp. nov. within the egg clusters

Fig. 3 in Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus

Fig. 3 General morphology and surface ornamentation pattern of eggs of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. in various stages of development. A–H Photomicrographs and a–h corresponding line drawings of individual eggs at different stages of development (scale bars: 20 µm). A, a Eggs in stage I at very early stage, probably meiosis I, with a spherical nucleus in granular cytoplasm and incompletely developed chitinous layer and polar plugs (note early appearance of superficial projections of UL already apparent). B, b Eggs in stage II at later stage of development (probably meiosis II); chitin deposition appears to be complete. C, c Two-celled mitotic stage of early embryonic development (embryonated). D, d Later multicellular stage of embryonic development; chitinous layer still uniformly translucent with no apparent division into outer and inner chitinous layers. E, e Eggs in stage III with bean-like embryo and chitinous layer appearing two-layered under bright-field (light) microscopy with darker inner layer. F, f Tadpole-like embryos with UL appearing to have been partially dislodged from chitinous layer. G, g Eggs in stage IV with darker-brown shell; embryo now vermiform (larvated) and in-folded three times (pretzel stage). H, h Later stage IV egg with chitinous layer very dark brown; larva nearing final development and folded 5–6 times. I–T Photomicrographs of less developed (I–L), moderately developed (M–P) and fully developed (Q–T) eggs, where the first set of images (I, M, Q) represents overview of these variously advanced eggs, and the second (J, N, R), third (K, O, S) and fourth (L, P, T) series of images focus on the pattern of their surface ornamentation by adjusting the focal plane. Black and yellow arrows represent illusions of superficial ridges (well demonstrated in less developed eggs; occasionally appearing as interconnecting ridges, blue arrowhead) and sculptures on the egg surface, respectively. Green arrowheads exhibit irregular protuberances on the eggshell surface. Red arrowheads indicate an illusory spinous appearance in fully developed eggs

Figure 7 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 7. Heat map showing probability of assignment for 77 individuals sampled from Lake Roosevelt to each population sampled in this study. Potential source populations within the Clark Fork River basin, Coeur d'Alene River basin and recently invaded areas are listed in an upstream to downstream order. While many individuals show an elevated assignment probability to Medicine-Cave Lakes (Coeur d'Alene River basin), 71 of the 77 fish had the highest probability of assignment to populations in the recently invaded waterbodies.

Figure 5 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 5. Heat map showing probability of assignment for 145 individuals sampled from recently invaded areas to potential source populations in the Clark Fork and Coeur d'Alene River basins. Recently invaded areas (y-axis) are listed in upstream (top) to downstream (bottom) order. Source populations within each basin (x-axis) are listed in an upstream (left) to downstream (right) order.

Figure 2 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 2. Sampling locations for northern pike in this study. Grey triangles represent hydroelectric dams that prevent upstream movement of fish. Yellow dots represent northern pike sampling locations.

Figure 4 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 4. Plot of principle coordinates analysis on northern pike genotype data from populations in the Clark Fork River basin (pink dots), Coeur d'Alene-Spokane River basin (yellow dots) and recently invaded areas in eastern Washington (green dots). The percent of variation explained by coordinates 1 and 2 are shown in axes labels.

Figure 6 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 6. STRUCUTRE plot showing population groupings of northern pike captured in recently invaded waterbodies of eastern Washington based on K = 2 populations. Waterbodies are listed in an upstream to downstream order. Nearly all fish captured upstream of Lake Roosevelt belong to one group (red bars). Most individuals captured in Lake Roosevelt belong to a second group (pale green bars), but individuals belonging to the red group are also present in Lake Roosevelt.

Figure 1 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 1. Study area map showing (a) the Columbia River basin and major rivers drainages in this study and (b) waterbodies with populations of northern pike sampled in this study. In (b), black triangles represent hydroelectric dams that prevent upstream movement of fish. Waterbodies in red are primarily located in eastern Washington, USA, and represent the most recently invaded areas.

Figure 3 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 3. Invasion scenarios of northern pike in the Columbia River basin compared using microsatellite data in DIYABC. In all scenarios, the Pend Oreille River was the source of fish in Lake Roosevelt. In Scenario 1 (a), Medicine-Cave Lakes share a common ancestor with Lake Pend Oreille, and Medicine-Cave Lakes were the source of fish to the Pend Oreille River. In Scenario 2 (b), Medicine-Cave Lakes share a common ancestor with Lake Pend Oreille, but Lake Pend Oreille was the source of fish to the Pend Oreille River. In Scenario 3 (c); Medicine-Cave Lakes share a common ancestor and admixture of the two was the source of fish in the Pend Oreille River. In Scenario 4 (d), Lake Pend Oreille shares a common ancestor with an unsampled population. The unsampled population was the source of fish to both Medicine-Cave and the Pend Oreille River. Timelines on the left side of each scenario mark the point of coalescent events; all samples were collected at t0.