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19 results for “pine savanna”
Data from: Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multi-year effects on plant species composition
<p>Data used in the manuscript Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multi-year effects on plant species composition accepted for publication in Ecosphere. Data included are species lists for all plots and years, percent cover of species in each plot in 2021, and life-history characteristics (life span, dispersal mechanism, seed bank persistence) of all species. See manuscript for site description and data collection methodology. </p>
Data from: Pyrophilic plants respond to post-fire soil conditions in a frequently burned longleaf pine savanna
<p class="RealLife">Fire-plant feedbacks engineer recurrent fires in pyrophilic ecosystems like savannas. The mechanisms sustaining these feedbacks may be related to plant adaptations that trigger rapid responses to fire's effects on soil. Plants adapted for high fire frequencies should quickly regrow, flower, and produce seeds that mature rapidly and disperse post-fire. We hypothesized that offspring of such plants would germinate and grow rapidly, responding to fire-generated changes in soil nutrients and biota. We conducted an experiment using longleaf pine savanna plants that were paired based on differences in reproduction and survival under annual ("more" pyrophilic) vs. less frequent ("less" pyrophilic) fire regimes. Seeds were planted in different soil inoculations from experimental fires of varying severity. The "more" pyrophilic species displayed high germination rates followed by species specific, rapid growth responses to soil location and fire severity effects on soils. In contrast, the "less" pyrophilic species had lower germination rates that were not responsive to soil treatments. This suggests that rapid germination and growth constitute adaptations to frequent fires, and that plants respond differently to fire severity effects on soil abiotic factors and microbes. Further, variable plant responses to post-fire soils may influence plant community diversity and fire-fuel feedbacks in pyrophilic ecosystems.</p>
Data for: Pine trees structure plant biodiversity patterns in savannas
<p>Overstory trees serve multiple functions in grassy savannas. Past research has shown that large pine canopy openings harbor greater plant species richness and different species composition. However, these studies did not examine such patterns at the scale of individual trees. We examined the relationship between understory plant communities and proximity to individual pine trees in dry and mesic pine savannas in frequently burned (1-3 year intervals) and long unburned (>30 years since fire) sites in north central Florida. We recorded the presence and abundance (stem or ramet number) of plant species in 1 m x 1 m plots adjacent to tree boles (basal) or outside crown driplines (open). In addition, we quantified environmental variables, including light transmittance and percent cover of litter, bare ground, and fuel loading classes.</p>
Data from: Pyrophilic plants respond to post-fire soil conditions in a frequently burned longleaf pine savanna
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Disentangling fragmentation effects on herbivory in understory plants of longleaf pine savanna
Habitat fragmentation affects species and their interactions through intertwined mechanisms that include changes to fragment area, shape, connectivity and distance to edge. Disentangling these pathways is a fundamental challenge of landscape ecology and will help identify ecological processes important for management of rare species or restoration of fragmented habitats. In a landscape experiment that manipulated connectivity, fragment shape, and distance to edge while holding fragment area constant, we examined how fragmentation impacts herbivory and growth of nine plant species in longleaf pine savanna. Probability of herbivory in open habitat was strongly dependent on proximity to forest edge for every species, increasing with distance to edge in six species (primarily grasses and annual forbs) and decreasing in three species (perennial forbs and a shrub). In the two species of perennial forbs, these edge effects were dependent on fragment shape; herbivory strongly decreased with distance to edge in fragments of two shapes, but not in a third shape. For most species, however, probability of herbivory was unrelated to connectivity or fragment shape. Growth was generally determined more strongly by leaf herbivory than by distance to edge, fragment shape, or connectivity. Taken together, these results demonstrate consistently strong edge effects on herbivory, one of the most important biotic factors determining plant growth and demography. Our results contrast with the generally inconsistent results of observational studies, likely because our experimental approach enabled us to tease apart landscape processes that are typically confounded.
Dataset: Plant-mediated effects of fire and fragmentation drive plant–pollinator interaction β-diversity in fire-dependent pine savannas
<p>Interaction β-diversity is a measure essential for understanding and conserving species interactions and ecosystem functioning. Interaction β-diversity explains the variation in species interactions across spatial and temporal gradients, resulting from species turnover or interaction rewiring. Each component of interaction β-diversity has different ecological implications and practical consequences. While interaction β-diversity due to species turnover is related to assembly processes and fragmentation, rewiring can support high biodiversity and confer resilience to ecological networks. However, it is unclear whether both components respond to the same or different ecological drivers. Here, we assessed the ecological drivers of plant–pollinator interaction β-diversity and its components across 24 sites in 9 longleaf pine (LLP) savannas in north and central Florida. We evaluated the effects of flowering plant composition and flower abundance, vegetation, fire regime, soil moisture, terrain characteristics, climate, spatial context and geographic location. We used path analysis to evaluate the drivers of spatial interaction β-diversity and its main components. We then used generalized linear mixed models to assess the temporal patterns of spatial β-diversity among sites within preserves. We found that plant–pollinator networks in LLP savannas are highly variable across space and time, mainly due to species turnover and possibly in response to abiotic gradients and dispersal boundaries. Flower abundance and flowering plant composition, geographic location, fire seasonality, soil moisture, and landscape context were the main drivers of plant–pollinator β-diversity, highlighting the role of fire management and habitat connectivity in preserving plant–pollinator networks.</p>
Dataset: Plant-mediated effects of fire and fragmentation drive plant–pollinator interaction β-diversity in fire-dependent pine savannas
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Phosphorus controls symbiotic nitrogen fixation in fire-dependent longleaf pine savannas
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Data from: Small-scale variation in fuel loads differentially affects two co-dominant bunchgrasses in a species-rich pine savanna
Ecological disturbances frequently control the occurrence and patterning of dominant plants in high-diversity communities like C4 grasslands and savannas. In such ecosystems disturbance-related processes can have important implications for species, and for whole communities when those species are dominant, yet mechanistic understanding of such processes remains fragmentary. Multiple bunchgrass species commonly co-dominate disturbance-dependent and species-rich pine savannas, where small-scale fuel heterogeneity may influence bunchgrass survival and growth following fires. We quantified how fire in locally varying fuel loads influenced dynamics of dominant C4 bunchgrasses in a species-rich pine savanna in southeastern Louisiana, USA. We focused on two congeneric, co-dominant species (Schizachyrium scoparium and S. tenerum) with similar growth forms, functional traits and reproductive strategies to highlight effects of fuel heterogeneity during fires. In experimental plots with either reduced or increased fuels versus controls with unmanipulated fuels, we compared: 1) bunchgrass damage and 2) mortality from fires; 3) subsequent growth and 4) flowering. Compared to controls, fire with increased fuels caused greater damage, mortality and subsequent flowering, but did not affect post-fire growth. Fire with reduced fuels had no effect on any of the four measures. The two species responded differently to fire with increased fuels – S. scoparium incurred measurably more damage and mortality than S. tenerum. Logistic regression indicated that the larger average size of S. tenerum tussocks made them resistant to more severe burning where fuels were increased. We speculate that locally increased fuel loading may be important in pine savannas for creating colonization sites because where fuels are light or moderate, dominant bunchgrasses persist through fires. Small-scale heterogeneity in fires, and differences in how species tolerate fire may together promote shared local dominance by different bunchgrasses.
Data from: The impact of prescribed burning on native bee communities (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in longleaf pine savannas in the North Carolina sandhills
<p>Prescribed burning is a common silvicultural practice used in the management of longleaf pine (<i>Pinus palustris</i> Mill.) savannas to reduce hardwood encroachment and ground cover and to maintain biodiversity. We investigated the response of the native bee community (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in the Sandhills of North Carolina to prescribed burning on a three-year rotation over two consecutive years (2012 and 2013). We deployed bee bowl traps in sites that had been burned the year of sampling, one year before, two years before, and in unburned controls. A total of 2,276 bees of 109 species were captured. Bee abundance declined with time since fire, with 2.3 times more bees captured in the most recently burned sites than in unburned controls. Bee diversity also declined with time since fire, with 2.1 times more species captured in the most recently burned sites than in controls. Bee community composition also responded to fire; we present evidence that this response was mediated in part by the effect of fire on the amount of bare ground and canopy cover. Bees nesting aboveground were unaffected by fire, contrary to our expectation that fire would destroy the wood and stems in which these species nest. Our results indicate that prescribed burning is a silvicultural practice consistent with pollinator conservation in longleaf pine ecosystems of the North Carolina sandhills. </p>
Data from: Dispersal and establishment limitation slows plant community recovery in post-agricultural longleaf pine savannas
Abandoned agricultural lands often have distinct plant communities from areas with no history of agriculture because plant species fail to recolonize. This may be due to dispersal limitation from a lack of seeds, or establishment limitation because of unsuitable environmental conditions. However, few experiments have directly tested how restoration activities may overcome these limitations. We studied longleaf pine savannas in South Carolina abandoned from agriculture >60 years ago that were immediately adjacent to remnant habitats (areas with no history of agriculture). Using 27 sites, we conducted a factorial experiment that sowed seeds of 12 species indicative of remnant communities and conducted restoration thinning of overstorey trees in half of 126, 1-ha patches to mimic canopy density of natural savannas. We also established vegetation transects to examine if restoration promotes spread of remnant species into post-agricultural areas. We found strong evidence for dispersal limitation in post-agricultural areas as over 99% of the occurrences of our focal species were in seed addition plots. Seed additions increased total species richness by 27%. Restoration thinning increased establishment in seed addition plots (measured as richness of sown species) by 126% and increased total richness by 88%. Restoration thinning also increased seed production in remnant habitats by an average of 6506% across our focal species. However, after 4 years, restoration thinning did not facilitate the natural spread of remnant species into adjacent post-agricultural sites. Synthesis and applications. We show that both dispersal and establishment limitation are key factors causing some plant species to be absent from post-agricultural sites. Dense canopy conditions limit seed production in remnant habitats and reduce establishment in post agricultural areas. Restoration thinning helps overcome these limitations and should facilitate the natural spread of species from remnant habitats but natural recovery may still be slow. Our results suggest that accelerating the recovery of post-agricultural habitats will require active restoration that reduces dispersal limitation (seed additions) and reinstates appropriate ecological conditions.
Species composition and functional trait data for wet pine savannas
<p>Trait differences among plant species can favor species coexistence. The role that such differences play in the assembly of diverse plant communities maintained by frequent fires remains unresolved. This lack of resolution results in part from the possibility that species with similar traits may coexist because none has a significant fitness advantage and in part from the difficulty of experimental manipulation of highly diverse assemblages dominated by perennial species.</p> <p>We examined a 65-year chronosequence of losses of herbaceous species following fire suppression (and subsequent encroachment by <i>Pinus elliottii</i>) in three wet longleaf pine savannas. We used cluster analysis, similarity profile permutation tests and k-R cluster analysis to identify statistically significant functional groups. We then used randomization tests to determine if the absence of functional groups near pines was greater (or less) than expected by chance. We also tested whether tolerant and sensitive species were less (or more) likely to co-occur by chance in areas in savannas away from pines in accordance with predictions of modern coexistence theory.</p> <p>Functional group richness near pines was lower than expected from random species extirpations. Wetland perennials with thick rhizomes and high leaf water content, spring-flowering wetland forbs (including <i>Drosera tracyi</i>), orchids, <i>Polygala</i> spp., and club mosses were more likely to be absent near pines than expected by chance. C3 grasses and sedges with seed banks and tall, fall-flowering C4 grasses were less likely to be absent near pines than expected by chance. Species sensitive to pine encroachment were more likely to co-occur with other such species away from pines at two of the three sites.</p> <p>Results suggest that herb species diversity in frequently-burned wet savannas is maintained in part by a weak fitness (e.g., competitive) hierarchy among herbs, and not as a result of trait differences among co-occurring species.</p>
Data for: Mechanisms of fire-maintained plant species diversity in species-rich wet pine savannas
<p><span>Temperate savannas and grasslands maintained by frequent, low-intensity disturbances such as fire contain among the most species-rich plant communities in the world. Precisely how these disturbances maintain such high fine-scale diversity is poorly understood. This study examined the effects of the frequency of simulated fire (clipping combined with litter removal) and the relative importance of recruitment and survival on species diversity and trait and species composition at each of two pine savannas in southeastern Mississippi (USA) that had not been recently burned. Ten 2 </span><span>×</span><span> 2 m plots at each site were clipped/cleared annually from 2014 to 2019 and again in spring 2021 (annual frequency). The other 10 clipping plots were not clipped from 2018 to 2020 (reduced frequency). Vegetation in small subplots in annual frequency and reduced frequency plots was compared in August 2021 to test the effects of a short period without clipping on diversity and composition. To test the relative importance of recruitment and survival on diversity and composition, four 0.25 </span><span>×</span><span> 0.25 m quarter plots were established within each of 10 annual-frequency plots per site following a clipping treatment in fall 2019 and assigned a 2 </span><span>×</span><span> 2 factorial arrangement of transplantation of sods from long-unburned areas and herbicide application. Reducing the frequency of clipping reduced plant diversity and altered composition at both sites. A comparison of diversity and trait composition responses to transplant and herbicide treatments revealed how recruitment and survival combined to affect species diversity. Partial or complete recovery of diversity following clipping and litter removal at both sites was driven by rapid increases in short-lived, resilient species that show fire-stimulated emergence from a seed bank and the persistence of long-lived species capable of surviving the prolonged period without fire or clipping. Species with reduced resilience and persistence were more likely to be lost in the reduced frequency treatment. Results are consistent with a model of short-term coexistence of maximum species diversity maintained by the most frequent fire regimes fuels will permit.</span></p>
Species composition and functional trait data for wet pine savannas
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Data from: Overdispersed spatial patterning of dominant bunchgrasses in southeastern pine savannas
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Data for: Mechanisms of fire-maintained plant species diversity in species-rich wet pine savannas
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Data from: Small-scale variation in fuel loads differentially affects two co-dominant bunchgrasses in a species-rich pine savanna
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Data from: Dispersal and establishment limitation slows plant community recovery in post-agricultural longleaf pine savannas
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Data from: The impact of prescribed burning on native bee communities (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) in longleaf pine savannas in the North Carolina sandhills
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