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Fig. 12 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 12. Neoformation organelles in dividers of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Oblique section of the organelle's distal (asterisk) and proximal portions with the outgrowing cilia of the oral primordium. The axonemes (arrowheads) are very short, lack the central pair of microtubules, and are bulbous because being embedded in many vesicles. (B) Cross section of cilia. Their axonemes already possess the "9×2+2" ultrastructure (arrowheads). (C) Tangential section of the neoformation organelle showing cross sections of cilia (arrowheads) and vesicles with electron-dense content of unknown function. (D) Longitudinal section of the posterior cell portion. Both the unciliated (arrowhead) and ciliated (double arrowhead) portions of the organelle are shown twice in cross section. MB, cell membrane; PE, perilemma; V, vesicles. Scale bars: 1 µm (A–C), 5 µm (D).

Fig. 11 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 11. Ring-canal of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. The transverse section of the organelle shows its position between the anterior furrow (asterisk) and the stripe of extrusome attachment sites (arrow denotes the electron-dense cap of an empty "extrusome chamber"). Vesicles are adjacent to the irregular anterior membrane portion of the canal, while the posterior portion is underlain by two layers of perpendicularly orientated microtubules. ML, two layers of microtubules; PE, perilemma; RC, lumen of ringcanal; V, vesicles of unknown function. Scale bar: 1 µm.

Fig. 10 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 10. Extrusome attachment sites (A) and immature extrusomes (B, C) of L. viride in the TEM. (A) Freeze-fracture replica showing the extrusome attachment rosettes. (B, C) Transverse and longitudinal sections; white lines mark corresponding section planes. The extrusome shows in longitudinal section an electron-dense fusiform wall and an electron-light lumen with indistinct transverse stripes. The apical portion of the extrusome is surrounded by an electron-dense structure; both are enclosed by a membrane (arrowheads). The transverse section shows the extrusome to be composed of six electron-dense trapeziums arranged around a bright lumen. 1, attachment rosette with one central and eight peripheral particles; 2, first ring; 3, second ring; ED, electron-dense structure; EX, extrusomes. Scale bars: 1 µm.

Fig. 3 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 3. Oral ciliature of Limnostrombidium viride in the scanning (A) and transmission electron microscopes (B–D). (A) Proximal portion of the adoral zone of membranelles. The endoral membrane is usually covered by a cytoplasmic fold and a membranous sheet (probably perilemma). (B) Longitudinal section of the buccal lip and endoral membrane in ventral view. Note the numerous vesicles with fluffy content of unknown nature in the anterior cell half and especially in the buccal lip. The perilemma forms stacks in the buccal cavity, while it otherwise covers the cell only with a single layer. (C) Longitudinal section of the buccal vertex near the cytostome. The distal ends of the endoral cilia have modified axonemes (arrowhead), i.e., they have a reduced number of peripheral microtubular doublets. Some cilia of the buccal membranelles and the multiple membranes are also recognisable. (D) Transverse section of the basal bodies of the endoral membrane (seen from inside the buccal cavity). BL, buccal lip; BM, buccal membranelles; CM, collar membranelles; E, endoral membrane; ED, electron-dense bodies; LM, bifurcated left microtubular ribbons; NE, possibly nematodesmata; PE, perilemma; RM, right microtubular ribbons. Scale bars: 10 µm (A), 1 µm (B–D).

Fig. 9 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 9. Extrusomes of Limnostrombidium viride in the SEM (A, B) and TEM (C, D). (A) Lateral view of a cell. Arrowheads mark just ejected extrusomes. (B) Extrusome cluster. (C) Cross section of extrusome stripe. (D) Longitudinal section. One extrusome is just ejected (arrow), four are in the resting state, and three "empty chambers" (asterisks) are the remains of previously ejected extrusomes. CSL, concentric sheet layers; CT, curved tubules; EC, extrusome cores; ED, electron-dense bodies; EM, extrusome membranes; EX, extrusomes; GK, girdle kinety; MT, separating microtubules; PE, perilemma. Scale bars: 20 µm (A), 1 µm (B–D).

Fig. 7 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 7. Hemitheca of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Tangential section showing the seams (arrow) between the polygonal cortical platelets, which are covered by the layer of longitudinal microtubules. (B) Freeze-fracture replica showing the seams between the polygonal platelets, the layer of longitudinally orientated microtubules, the alveoli, and remnants of the cell membrane with its densely arranged particles (arrows). (C) Transverse section showing the perilemma with its electron-dense bodies, the alveoli, the layer of longitudinal microtubules, and the polygonal cortical platelets. The arrowhead marks the cell membrane. AL, alveoli; CP, cortical platelets; MT, cortical microtubular layer; PE, perilemma. Scale bars: 1 µm.

Fig. 2 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 2. Transmission electron micrographs of collar membranelles in Limnostrombidium viride. Their anterior ends are directed to the left. (A–C) Transverse sections at different planes showing the various connections between the basal bodies of an individual membranelle and the microtubules extending into the cytoplasm. (D) The axonemes of the individual cilia are enclosed by the cell membrane, while all cilia of a membranelle are additionally surrounded by the perilemma. (E) Transverse sections of two polykinetids at the level of the basal bodies. The last file of the upper adoral membrane has associated short ciliary stubs only (arrowhead). 1–3, rows 1–3; ED, electron-dense bodies; IMF, intermembranellar fibre; M1, microtubular ribbons at row 1; M3, microtubular ribbons at row 3; PE, perilemma. Scale bars: 1 µm (A–C), 0.5 µm (D, E).

Fig. 6 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 6. Ventral kinety of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Longitudinal section of a dikinetid showing the diverging basal bodies. A perilemma covers the cell surface. (B) Transverse section showing a dikinetid in the longitudinal furrow later- ally bordered by the cortical platelets of the hemitheca. CP, cortical platelets; ED, electron-dense bodies; ML, cortical microtubular layer; PE, perilemma; SC1, anterior dikinetidal cilium; SC2, posterior dikinetidal cilium. Scale bars: 1 µm.

Fig. 1 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 1. Limnostrombidium viride (A, schematic line drawing combining data from scanning and transmission electron microscopy; B, C, scanning electron micrographs). (A) General morphology. Note that the polygonal platelets of the hemitheca are only depicted in the cell periphery to show the more centrally located organelles. For the sake of clarity, the course of the neoformation organelle is somewhat stretched. (B, C) Ventral view and detail of ventral side. The arrowhead (C) marks the opening of the neoformation organelle in the stripe of extrusome attachment sites. BL, buccal lip; BM, buccal membranelles; CM, collar membranelles; EX, stripe of extrusome attachment sites; GK, girdle kinety; HT, hemitheca; MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus; NF, neoformation organelle; VK, ventral kinety. Scale bars: 30 µm (A), 20 µm (B), 10 µm (C).

Fig. 8 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 8. Nuclear apparatus of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Interphase state showing the micronucleus in an indentation of the macronucleus, which has an irregular surface and contains numerous electron-dense inclusions, probably nucleoli. (B) A macronucleus showing the replication band. The arrow indicates the migration direction of the replication band. 1, zone of typical macronuclear structure; 2, zone characterised by protein and RNA production; 3, bright zone with beginning biosynthesis and DNA replication; MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus. Scale bars: 2 µm.

Fig. 4 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 4. Girdle kinety of Limnostrombidium viride (A, scanning electron micrograph; B, scheme of dikinetid). (A) Detail of kinety showing the two alternating types of girdle cilia. (B) Dikinetid with the associated structures; the presence of a transverse ribbon is uncertain. Numbering of the triplets (1–9) follows the "Grain convention", but is somewhat uncertain, as the triplets are difficult to identify. The scheme bases on numerous transmission electron micrographs (not shown). DS, desmose; KD, kinetodesmal fibril; PC, postciliary microtubular ribbon; SC1, club-shaped cilia of left dikinetidal basal bodies (originally anterior ones); SC2, condylocilia of right dikinetidal basal bodies (originally posterior ones). Scale bar: 2 µm.

Fig. 2 in New observations of Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts, from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Western Arctic Ocean) in August of 2023

Fig. 2. New forms of Papulifères found in samples from the Chukchi Sea region taken in August 2023. Forms A–D are new spindle-shaped Fusopsis forms, and Forms E–H are new spherical or oblong-shaped Sphaeropsis forms. Morphology notes and stations in which each were found along with the nominal concentrations found in the samples are given in Table 2.

Fig. 1 in New observations of Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts, from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Western Arctic Ocean) in August of 2023

Fig. 1. Map of the Western Arctic Ocean showing the 36 station locations sampled using a 20 µm mesh plankton net in the Chukchi Sea region during August of 2023. Note that station locations yielding samples in which Papulifère, putative ciliate cysts forms, were found (putative cyst stations) were located throughout the region sampled. Detailed station characteristics are given in Table 1.

Fig. 5 in Insights on Short-term Blooms of Planktonic Ciliates, Provided by an Easily Recognised Genus: Cyrtostrombidium

Fig. 5. Autocorrelation function of the weekly abundance of Cyrtostrombidium at site C. Horizontal dashed lines indicate ~95% CI for significance of each autocorrelation value. The first autocorrelation is 1 by definition; it is the correlation of a sample with itself. Correlation for lags (weeks) 2, 3, and 4 falls beyond the 95% CI, indicating a persistence of 3 weeks for a peak in abundance.

Fig. 1 in Insights on Short-term Blooms of Planktonic Ciliates, Provided by an Easily Recognised Genus: Cyrtostrombidium

Fig. 1. Chautengo lagoon, México, indicating the location of 10 sites (black circles) where 5 seasonal samplings took place and the one grid site (C) where geostatistical analysis was conducted and long-term data were collected. Spatial distribution of Cyrtostrombidium abundance (as cells ml–1) is presented as bar graphs at the 10 sites, over 5 months (October, January, March, May and August). For long-term data on site C, see Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 in Planktonic Ciliates of the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea): Community Structure and Spatial Distribution

Fig. 2. Two groups of samples, distinguished by ordination (MDS) on the basis of similarity of the ciliate community structure (p <0.05). Upper and lower parts of the inner Neva Estuary (white and grey symbols) slightly differed by community structure (Global R = 0.163).

Fig. 1 in Planktonic Ciliates of the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea): Community Structure and Spatial Distribution

Fig. 1. Scheme of the inner Neva Estuary and location of sampling stations; modified from Telesh et al. (2008). Broken line indicates the storm-surge barrier.

Table 2 in New observations of Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts, from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Western Arctic Ocean) in August of 2023

Table 2. The morphological characteristics and sample data (stations and nominal concentrations) of the apparently new Papulifère forms found in the samples taken in 2023. LD refers to longest dimension of the main body (excluding filaments if present). In Morphology Notes, ‘Differs from fig. x.x’ refer to the figures in Dolan et al. 2023; figures are also given in the Supplementary File.<table><thead><tr><th>Cyst type</th><th>Morphology Notes</th><th>Station (s) found [conc. #L-1] # specimens</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>2A</th><td>Fusopsis sp., spindle smooth surface/LD 115 µm Differs from fig 6j in larger size and absence of a posterior knob</td><td>37 [0.01] 2</td></tr><tr><th>2B</th><td>Fusopsis sp., spindle smooth surface/LD 75–85/µm short (3–5µm) filaments Differs from figs 6 f,g,l in larger size and spine lengths & numbers</td><td>40 [.007] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2C</th><td>Fusopsis sp., spindle smooth surface/LD 50µm/5 long, 25 µm filaments Differs from fig 6c in overall shape small size</td><td>54 [0.016] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2D</th><td>Fusopsis sp., spindle smooth surface/LD 50 µm/ 3 pairs 30 µm filaments Differs from fig 6g,1 in larger size and filaments in pairs</td><td>59 [0.007] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2E</th><td>Sphaeropsis sp., oblong smooth surface/ LD 35µm/ 3 10 µm filaments Differs from fig 7f in smaller size and smooth surface</td><td>10 [0.04] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2F</th><td>Sphaeropsis sp., oblong smooth surface/LD 70 µm Differs from fig 7h in smaller size and ovoid shape</td><td>10 [0.01] 4</td></tr><tr><th>2G</th><td>Sphaeropsis sp., spherical smooth surface/LD 80 µm Differs from fig 7h in smaller size</td><td>39 [0.08] 2, 60 [0.08] 1</td></tr><tr><th>2H</th><td>Sphaeropsis sp., oblong smooth surface/LD 105 µm Differs in overall size and shape from other Sphaeropsis in fig7</td><td>40 [0.004] 1</td></tr></tbody></table>

Table 1. Summary data for the 36 in New observations of Papulifères, putative ciliate cysts, from the plankton of the Chukchi Sea (Western Arctic Ocean) in August of 2023

Table 1. Summary data for the 36 stations sampled in 2023. Depth given is the vertical extent of the plankton net tow from the depth indicated to the surface. Chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) is average integrated concentration (µg L-1) throughout the water column from the surface to approximately the depth of the plankton net tow. Cyst types found refer to the new forms shown in here in Figure 2 (2A-2H), and in the Figures 6 (6A, 6E, 6D) and 7 (7A, 7G, 7H, 7I, 7J, 7K, 7N) in Dolan et al. (2023). For convenience, the supplementary file contains images of all now known Chukchi Sea Papulifère forms in two plates, one showing the 16 spindle-shaped Fusopsis forms, another showing the 18 the spherical and oblong Sphaeropsi s forms.<table><thead><tr><th>St #</th><th>Date Aug 2023</th><th>lat (N°)</th><th>long (W°)</th><th>Tow Depth (m)</th><th>Station Depth</th><th>Chl a</th><th>SST (C°)</th><th>cyst types found</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>3</td><td>65,17</td><td>–168,69</td><td>45</td><td>55</td><td>1,45</td><td>9,9</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>3</td><td>66,63</td><td>–168,69</td><td>35</td><td>45</td><td>7,47</td><td>7,8</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>3</td><td>67,67</td><td>–168,96</td><td>45</td><td>55</td><td>9,92</td><td>6</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>4</td><td>68,24</td><td>–167,12</td><td>38</td><td>48</td><td>0,74</td><td>12,6</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>4</td><td>69,17</td><td>–168,67</td><td>43</td><td>53</td><td>0,58</td><td>9,9</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>5</td><td>70,50</td><td>–168,67</td><td>35</td><td>45</td><td>6,48</td><td>6</td><td>2E, 2F</td></tr><tr><th>11</th><td>5</td><td>71,43</td><td>–168,67</td><td>40</td><td>50</td><td>0,75</td><td>7,9</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>13</th><td>5</td><td>72,36</td><td>–168,66</td><td>50</td><td>60</td><td>6,16</td><td>1</td><td>6A</td></tr><tr><th>16</th><td>6</td><td>73,89</td><td>–168,19</td><td>100</td><td>183</td><td>1,5</td><td>1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>18</th><td>6</td><td>74,80</td><td>–167,90</td><td>100</td><td>195</td><td>0,413</td><td>1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>21</th><td>7</td><td>76,00</td><td>–170,49</td><td>100</td><td>1315</td><td>1,22</td><td>–0,5</td><td>6A, 7H, 7K, 7N</td></tr><tr><th>23</th><td>8</td><td>77,00</td><td>–170,00</td><td>100</td><td>2214</td><td>0,53</td><td>–1,1</td><td>6A</td></tr><tr><th>24</th><td>8</td><td>77,00</td><td>–174,99</td><td>100</td><td>2012</td><td>0,34</td><td>–1,3</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>25</th><td>9</td><td>77,00</td><td>179,95</td><td>100</td><td>1081</td><td>0,09</td><td>–1,2</td><td>OE</td></tr><tr><th>27</th><td>12</td><td>78,54</td><td>–177,58</td><td>100</td><td>1009</td><td>0,07</td><td>–1,2</td><td>7K</td></tr><tr><th>28</th><td>13</td><td>80,00</td><td>172,40</td><td>100</td><td>2702</td><td>0,14</td><td>–1</td><td>6A</td></tr><tr><th>29</th><td>14</td><td>79,00</td><td>172,80</td><td>100</td><td>2561</td><td>0,15</td><td>–0,9</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>30</th><td>14</td><td>78,00</td><td>173,20</td><td>100</td><td>1133</td><td>0,14</td><td>0,3</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>31</th><td>15</td><td>77,00</td><td>173,60</td><td>100</td><td>740</td><td>0,4</td><td>0,2</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>32</th><td>15</td><td>76,00</td><td>173,61</td><td>100</td><td>265</td><td>0,2</td><td>–1,1</td><td>7H</td></tr><tr><th>33</th><td>16</td><td>75,00</td><td>173,60</td><td>100</td><td>147</td><td>0,07</td><td>–0,06</td><td>6E</td></tr><tr><th>36</th><td>16</td><td>74,00</td><td>170,16</td><td>40</td><td>52</td><td>0,1</td><td>–0,8</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>37</th><td>17</td><td>74,69</td><td>174,62</td><td>60</td><td>72</td><td>0,2</td><td>–1</td><td>2A</td></tr><tr><th>39</th><td>18</td><td>75,73</td><td>177,18</td><td>100</td><td>499</td><td>0,15</td><td>–1,3</td><td>2G</td></tr><tr><th>40</th><td>20</td><td>75,07</td><td>176,80</td><td>100</td><td>196</td><td>0,31</td><td>–1,2</td><td>2B, 2H, 7I, 7N</td></tr><tr><th>43</th><td>21</td><td>75,16</td><td>–179,97</td><td>100</td><td>539</td><td>0,35</td><td>–1,4</td><td>6D, 6E, 7J</td></tr><tr><th>45</th><td>21</td><td>75,15</td><td>–176,00</td><td>100</td><td>327</td><td>1,36</td><td>–1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>47</th><td>22</td><td>75,24</td><td>–171,97</td><td>100</td><td>505</td><td>2,73</td><td>–0,7</td><td>6A, 7J</td></tr><tr><th>50</th><td>23</td><td>75,69</td><td>–166,64</td><td>100</td><td>392</td><td>3,1</td><td>–0,9</td><td>6A, 7H, 7N</td></tr><tr><th>52</th><td>23</td><td>76,57</td><td>–164,36</td><td>100</td><td>550</td><td>0,019</td><td>–1,1</td><td>7G</td></tr><tr><th>54</th><td>24</td><td>77,47</td><td>–164,10</td><td>100</td><td>280</td><td>0,32</td><td>–1,3</td><td>2C, 7J</td></tr><tr><th>56</th><td>25</td><td>77,49</td><td>–158,73</td><td>100</td><td>1323</td><td>0,02</td><td>–1,3</td><td>7H, 7J</td></tr><tr><th>57</th><td>26</td><td>76,30</td><td>–156,22</td><td>100</td><td>725</td><td>0,23</td><td>–0,1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>58</th><td>26</td><td>76,52</td><td>–159,78</td><td>100</td><td>2113</td><td>0,21</td><td>–1</td><td>Ø</td></tr><tr><th>59</th><td>27</td><td>75,50</td><td>–161,15</td><td>100</td><td>2098</td><td>0,2</td><td>–0,5</td><td>2D, 7A</td></tr><tr><th>60</th><td>27</td><td>74,52</td><td>–162,15</td><td>100</td><td>1596</td><td>0,27</td><td>1,8</td><td>2G, 6A, 7A, 7H</td></tr></tbody></table>