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86 results for “plant–herbivore interactions”
Figure 2 in Ant-herbivore interactions in an extrafloral nectaried plant: are ants good plant guards against curculionid beetles?
Figure 2. Florivory rates (mean ± SE) in Banisteriopsis malifolia based on the presence or absence of Camponotus blandus. Anthonomus florivory rates were higher in branches without ants, but this difference was not statistically significant. The number of flower buds analysed in each treatment is given inside bars. p = 0.3676 (Wilcoxon test) indicates no statistical significant differences between treatments.
Figure 1 in Ant-herbivore interactions in an extrafloral nectaried plant: are ants good plant guards against curculionid beetles?
Figure 1. Ant–plant–herbivore interactions in Banisteriopsis malifolia. (A) Leaf with active extrafloral nectaries, growing close to flower buds. (B) Adult Anthonomus. (C) Camponotus blandus foraging on a flower. (D) C. blandus attacking an Anthonomus. Scale: A, B – 10 mm; C, D, – 5 mm.
Neutrality in plant–herbivore interactions
<p>Understanding the distribution of herbivore damage among leaves and individual plants is a central goal of plant-herbivore biology. Commonly observed unequal patterns of herbivore damage have conventionally been attributed to the heterogeneity in plant quality or herbivore behavior or distribution. Meanwhile, the potential role of stochastic processes in structuring plant-herbivore interactions has been overlooked. Here, we show that based on simple first principle expectations from metabolic theory, random sampling of different sizes of herbivores from a regional pool is sufficient to explain patterns of variation in herbivore damage. This is despite making the neutral assumption that herbivory is caused by randomly feeding herbivores on identical and passive plants. We then compared its predictions against 765 datasets of herbivory on 496 species across 116° of latitude from the Herbivory Variability Network. Using only one free parameter, the estimated attack rate, our neutral model approximates the observed frequency distribution of herbivore damage among plants and especially among leaves very well. Our results suggest that neutral stochastic processes play a large and underappreciated role in natural variation in herbivory and may explain the low predictability of herbivory patterns. We argue that such prominence warrants its consideration as a powerful force in plant-herbivore interactions.</p>
Complex plant quality - microbiota - population interactions modulate the response of a specialist herbivore to the defense of its host plant.
<p>1. Many specialist herbivores have evolved strategies to cope with plant defenses, with gut microbiota potentially participating to such adaptations.</p> <p>2. In this study we assessed whether the history of plant use (population origin) and microbiota may interact with plant defense adaptation.</p> <p>3. We tested whether microbiota enhance the performance of <em>Melitaea cinxia </em>larvae on their host plant, <em>Plantago lanceolata</em> and increase their ability to cope the defensive compounds, iridoid glycosides (IGs).</p> <p>3. The gut microbiota was significantly affected by both larval population origin and host plant IG level. Contrary to our prediction, impoverishing the microbiota with antibiotic treatment did not reduce larval performance.</p> <p>5. As expected for this specialized insect herbivore, sequestration of one of IGs was higher in larvae fed with plants producing higher concentration of IGs. These larvae also showed metabolic signature of intoxication (<em>i.e. </em>decrease in Lysine levels). However, intoxication on highly defended plants was only observed when larvae with history of poorly defended plants were simultaneously treated with antibiotics.</p> <p>6. Our results suggest that both adaptation and microbiota contribute to the metabolic response of herbivores to plant defense though complex interactions.</p>
Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids
<p>Data and R scripts for statistical analyses for the article:</p> <p><strong>Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids</strong></p> <p>By: <strong>Carlos Bustos-Segura, Adrienne L. Godschalx, Lucas Malacari, Fanny Deiss, Sergio Rasmann, Daniel J. Ballhorn, Betty Benrey</strong> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Microorganisms associated with plant roots significantly impact the quality and quantity of plant defences. However, the bottom-up effects of soil microbes on the aboveground multitrophic interactions remain largely under studied. To address this gap, we investigated the chemically-mediated effects of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia on legume-herbivore-parasitoid multitrophic interactions. To address this, we initially examined the cascading effects of the rhizobia bean association on herbivore caterpillars, their parasitoids, and subsequently investigated how rhizobia influence on plant volatiles and extrafloral nectar. Our goal was to understand how these plant-mediated effects can affect parasitoids. Lima bean plants (<em>Phaseoulus lunatus</em>) inoculated with rhizobia exhibited better growth, and the number of root nodules positively correlated with defensive cyanogenic compounds. Despite increase of these chemical defences, <em>Spodoptera</em> latifascia caterpillars preferred to feed and grew faster on rhizobia-inoculated plants. Moreover, the emission of plant volatiles after leaf damage showed distinct patterns between inoculation treatments, with inoculated plants producing more sesquiterpenes and benzyl nitrile than non-inoculated plants. Despite these differences, <em>Euplectrus platyhypenae</em> parasitoid wasps were similarly attracted to rhizobia- or no rhizobia-treated plants. Yet, the oviposition and offspring development of <em>E. platyhypenae </em>was better on caterpillars fed with rhizobia-inoculated plants. We additionally show that rhizobia-inoculated common bean plants (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>) produced more extrafloral nectar, with higher hydrocarbon concentration, than non-inoculated plants. Consequently, parasitoids performed better when fed with extrafloral nectar from rhizobia-inoculated plants. While the overall effects of bean-rhizobia symbiosis on caterpillars were positive, rhizobia also indirectly benefited parasitoids through the caterpillar host, and directly through the improved production of high quality extrafloral nectar. This study underscores the importance of exploring diverse facets and chemical mechanisms that influence the dynamics between herbivores and predators. This knowledge is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the ecological implications of rhizobia symbiosis on these interactions.</p>
Global study of plant-herbivore interactions reveals similar patterns of herbivory across native and non-native plants
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Data from: Herbicidal interference: Glyphosate drives both the ecology and evolution of plant-herbivore interactions
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Neutrality in plant–herbivore interactions
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Climate seasonality drives ant-plant-herbivore interactions via plant phenology in an extrafloral nectary-bearing plant community
<ol> <li>Interactions between ants and plants bearing extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are among the most common mutualisms in Neotropical regions. Plants secrete extrafloral nectar, a carbohydrate-rich food that attracts ants, which in return protect plants against herbivores. This ant-plant mutualism is subjected to temporal variation, in which abiotic factors can drive the establishment and frequency of such mutualistic interaction. However, studies investigating how abiotic factors (e.g., climate) directly and indirectly influence ant-plant-herbivore interactions are incipient.</li> <li>In this study, we investigated direct and indirect (via plant phenology) effects of temperature and rainfall on ant-plant-herbivore interactions. To address these goals, we estimated six plant phenophases (newly flushed leaves, fully-expanded leaves, deciduousness, floral buds, flowers, and fruits) monthly, the activity of EFNs and abundance of ants and herbivores in 18 EFN-bearing plant species growing in a markedly seasonal region (the Brazilian Cerrado) during a complete growing season.</li> <li>Our results showed that (i) there were marked seasonal patterns in all plant phenophases, EFN activity, and the abundance of ants and herbivores; (ii) the peak of EFN activity and ant and herbivore abundance simultaneously occurred at the beginning of the rainy season, when new leaves flushed; and (iii) rainfall directly and indirectly (via changes in theproduction of new leaves) influenced EFN activity and this in turn provoked changes in ant abundance (but not on herbivores).</li> <li> <i>Synthesis</i>: Overall, our results build toward a better understanding of how climate drives seasonal patterns in ant-plant-herbivore interactions, explicitly considering plant phenology over time.</li> </ol>
Data from: Museum specimens provide novel insights into changing plant-herbivore interactions
Mounting evidence shows that species interactions may mediate how individual species respond to climate change. However, long-term anthropogenic effects on species interactions are poorly characterized due to a lack of data. Insect herbivory is a major ecological process that represents the interaction between insect herbivores and their host plants, but historical data on insect damage to plants is particularly sparse. Here, we suggest that museum collections of insects and plants can fill key gaps in our knowledge on changing trophic interactions, including proximate mechanisms and the net outcomes of multiple global change drivers across diverse insect herbivore-plant associations. We outline theory on how global change may affect herbivores and their host plants and highlight the unique data that could be extracted from museum specimens to explore their shifting interactions. We aim to provide a framework for using museum specimens to explore how some of the most diverse co-evolved relationships are responding to climate and land use change.
Data from: The impact of plant genetic variation, drought, and leaf nitrogen on plant-herbivore interactions
<p>Plant genotype, drought stress, and their interaction are among the factors contributing to the susceptibility of plants to herbivory. The plant's nitrogen concentration, a critical and often limiting nutrient, differs with plant genotype and drought. Still, few studies have investigated the impact of the interaction of genotype and drought on herbivory and plant nitrogen. We established a common garden in Duluth, MN, of tall goldenrod, <em>Solidago altissima,</em> collected from a local Minnesota site to analyze the effects of goldenrod genotype and drought stress on leaf nitrogen and the preference and performance of the chrysanthemum lace bug, <em>Corythucha marmorata</em>. Lace bugs had oviposition, nymph, and adult preferences among host plant genotypes, water treatments, and among genotype and water treatment combinations. Nymph and adult survival and adult mass varied significantly due to plant genotype, water treatment, the interaction of plant and water treatment, and the interaction of treatment with lace bug density. Oviposition preference and offspring performance were significantly positively related. Leaf nitrogen increased with the increasing severity of the water limitation in the absence of lace bugs. However, in the presence of lace bugs, there was no difference in nitrogen among water treatments.</p>
Timing of a plant–herbivore interaction alters plant growth and reproduction
<p>Phenological shifts in timing of species interactions have the potential to change size-structured species interactions, but relatively few studies have used experimental manipulations to examine the season-long effects of phenological mismatches in multiple development contexts. While previous experimental studies have examined how phenological mismatches in plant-herbivore interactions can affect both plants and their herbivores, less is known about their effects on subsequent plant-pollinator interactions. Here, we conducted an experiment to determine how shifts in the phenological timing of monarch (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>) larval herbivory affected milkweed (<i>Asclepias fascicularis</i>) host plant performance, including effects on growth and subsequent effects on flower and seed pod phenology and production. We found that variation in the timing of herbivory affected both plant growth and reproduction, with measurable effects several weeks to months after herbivory ended. The timing of herbivory had qualitatively different effects on vegetative and reproductive biomass: early-season herbivory had the strongest effects on plant size, while late-season herbivory had the strongest effects on the production of viable seeds. These results show that phenological shifts in herbivory can have persistent and qualitatively different effects on different life stages across the season.</p>
Mutualism has its limits: consequences of asymmetric interactions between a well-defended plant and its herbivorous pollinator
<p>Concern for pollinator health has focused on social bees and their agricultural services, but not all pollinators are bees, and their ecosystem services also promote biodiversity and conservation. Pollinating herbivores generate ecological conflicts when they utilize the same plant as a nectar source and larval host. We tracked individual-level metrics of pollinator health – growth, survivorship, fecundity – across the life cycle of a pollinating herbivore, the hawkmoth Hyles lineata, through its interactions with Oenothera harringtonii, a rare plant polymorphic for the floral volatile (R)-(-)-linalool. Linalool had no impact on moth attraction to O. harringtonii flowers but suppressed oviposition on experimentally supplemented plants. Leaves of O. harringtonii showed robust resistance against herbivory by H. lineata from leaf-disc to wholeplant scales, through poor larval growth and survivorship. Higher larval performance on other Oenothera species indicates that constitutive herbivore resistance by O. harringtonii is not generic. Leaf volatiles differed among populations of O. harringtonii but were not induced by larval herbivory. Elagitannins and other phenolics varied among leaf, bud and seed tissues but showed no evidence of herbivore induction. Our findings highlight asymmetric plant-pollinator interactions and the importance of third parties, such as alternative host plants, in maintaining pollinator health.</p>
Phenotypic and genotypic divergence of plant-herbivore interactions along an urbanization gradient
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Urban environments provide challenging conditions for species survival, including increased temperatures, drought, and pollution. Species can deal with these conditions through evolution across generations or the immediate expression of phenotypic plasticity. The resulting phenotypic changes are key to the performance of species and their interactions with other species in the community. We here document patterns of herbivory in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> along a rural-urban gradient, and tested the genetic background and ecological consequences of traits related to herbivore resistance. Aphid densities increased with urbanization levels along the gradient while plant size did not change. Offspring of urban mothers, raised under common garden conditions, were larger and had a decreased trichome density and seed set but a higher caterpillar (<em>Pieris brassicae</em>) tolerance. In contrast, no urban evolution was detected for defenses against aphids (<em>Myzus persicae</em>). Aphids reduced seed set more strongly in urban offspring, but this effect disappeared in second-generation plants. In general, urban adaptations as expressed in size and caterpillar tolerance were found, but these adaptations were associated with smaller inflorescences. The maternal effect on the response of seed set to aphid feeding demonstrates the relevance of intergenerational plasticity as a direct ecological consequence of herbivory. Our study demonstrates that the urban environment interacts with the plant's genotype and the extended phenotype as determined by ecological interactions.</span></p>
Data from: Effects of climate change on plant resource allocation and herbivore interactions in a Neotropical rainforest shrub
<p>Data from "Effects of climate change on plant resource allocation and herbivore interactions in a Neotropical rainforest shrub" published in <em>Ecology and Evolution. </em>doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9198</p>
Data from: The role of habitat simplification and seasonality in shaping interactions between ants, plants and herbivores in a Neotropical savanna
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Mutualism has its limits: consequences of asymmetric interactions between a well-defended plant and its herbivorous pollinator
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Data from: The impact of plant genetic variation, drought, and leaf nitrogen on plant-herbivore interactions
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Timing of a plant–herbivore interaction alters plant growth and reproduction
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Data from: The interplay of multiple spatial scales influences plant–herbivore interactions
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Allen Brain Atlas
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